Behavior &
Organizations
Inhoudsopgave
WHAT IS WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY.......................................6
THE DOMAIN OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY..........................................................6
WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE..........................................................7
WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PURE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND APPLIED RESEARCH.........7
FUTURE TOPICS FOR WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY.....................................................8
LEADERSHIP: CURRENT THEORIES, RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS..........9
OVERVIEW OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP.....................................................................................9
AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................10
Heritability and leadership........................................................................................10
Examining Evidence for positive leadership interventions........................................10
Future focus required................................................................................................10
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND LEADERSHIP..............................................................................10
NEW-GENRE LEADERSHIP.................................................................................................... 11
COMPLEXITY LEADERSHIP..................................................................................................... 12
SHARED, COLLECTIVE OR DISTRIBUTED LEADERSHIP.................................................................13
LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE................................................................................................ 13
FOLLOWERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP.......................................................................................... 14
SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP............................................................................................. 15
SERVANT LEADERSHIP......................................................................................................... 15
SPIRITUALITY AND LEADERSHIP............................................................................................. 16
Challenges and Criticism........................................................................................... 16
CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP.............................................................................................. 17
Project GLOBE: An Influential Study..........................................................................17
Two Approaches to Global Leadership.......................................................................17
Comparative Leadership Research............................................................................17
E-LEADERSHIP................................................................................................................. 18
Challenges to Traditional Models...............................................................................18
The Impact of Technology......................................................................................... 18
Central Questions in E-Leadership............................................................................18
Group and virtual teams research.............................................................................18
CLOSING COMMENTS AND INTEGRATION..................................................................................19
LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................22
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN LEADERSHIP RESEARCH............................................................22
The trait approach.................................................................................................... 23
Leadership style – behavior approach.......................................................................23
Contingency Approaches..........................................................................................24
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO STUDYING LEADERSHIP................................................................27
1. Reward and punishment.......................................................................................27
2. Differentiating between subordinates...................................................................27
3. When do we need leadership................................................................................27
4. The role of perception...........................................................................................27
5. Power and influence..............................................................................................28
THE NEW LEADERSHIP......................................................................................................... 28
1. The concept of charisma.......................................................................................29
2. Transactional and transformational leadership.....................................................31
CROSS CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES........................................................................................... 32
The globe project...................................................................................................... 33
, IS THERE A FUTURE FOR LEADERSHIP ?...................................................................................34
SELECTION & TRAINING................................................................................36
TWO BRANCHES OF DESCRIPTORS......................................................................................... 36
DECISIONS....................................................................................................................... 37
COMMON METHODS OF JOB ANALYSIS.....................................................................................39
STANDARD LISTS OF TRAITS................................................................................................. 40
ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES............................................................................................. 40
ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES.............................................................................................. 40
JOB ANALYSIS AND TEST VALIDATION.......................................................................................41
CONVENTIONAL VALIDATION STRATEGY....................................................................................41
ALTERNATIVE..................................................................................................................... 42
VALIDITY TRANSPORT.......................................................................................................... 42
VALIDITY GENERALIZATION................................................................................................... 43
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES - JUDGMENT BASED.........................................................................43
Minimum Qualifications............................................................................................. 43
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................... 43
PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT IN SELECTION PROCESS.......................................44
WHAT IS FIT?.................................................................................................................... 44
FIT TO: SUBTYPES OF FIT..................................................................................................... 44
FIT ABOUT: MODES OF FIT................................................................................................... 44
PERCEIVED, SUBJECTIVE AND ACTUAL/OBJECTIVE FIT..................................................................45
INTEGRATED MODEL OF FIT GROM THE ORGANIZATION AND APPLICANT PERSPECTIVES.......................46
PREHIRE ANTICIPATORY FIT................................................................................................... 46
POSTHIRE IMPLICATION OF FIT............................................................................................... 47
Perceived anticipatory fit of applicants.....................................................................49
Objective Anticipatory Fit..........................................................................................49
Sources of P and E information for organizations......................................................50
ANTICIPATORY FIT FROM THE APPLICANT'S PERSPECTIVE............................................................50
IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................... 51
TOPIC 4: GROUPS, TEAMS & ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (ART. 1)....................52
EMOTIONS IN TEAMS........................................................................................................... 52
Positive emotions and attitudes................................................................................52
Negative emotions and attitudes..............................................................................52
Indirect effects.......................................................................................................... 53
Group affective tone.................................................................................................53
CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION IN TEAMS............................................................54
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 56
TOPIC 4: GROUPS, TEAMS & ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (ART. 2)....................57
INTEGRATED MODEL OF CULTURE AND CLIMATE.........................................................................57
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.................................................................................................. 58
Three perspectives:..................................................................................................58
Layers of culture:...................................................................................................... 59
The content of organizational culture.......................................................................59
Antecedents of organizational culture.......................................................................60
Outcomes of Culture................................................................................................. 61
Mediators and moderators........................................................................................61
Conclusions............................................................................................................... 62
CLIMATE.......................................................................................................................... 62
Historical roots and theoretical foundations..............................................................62
Controversies and resolutions...................................................................................63
Objective versus perceptual climate and levels of analysis......................................63
Generic Climate dimensions......................................................................................63
Strategic climates..................................................................................................... 64
Antecedents of climate............................................................................................. 64
OUTCOMES OF CLIMATE....................................................................................................... 64
, Individual-level outcomes......................................................................................... 64
Subunit and organizational-level outcomes..............................................................65
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND CLIMATE.......................................................................65
OVERLAP AND CONFUSION BETWEEN CULTURE AND CLIMATE.......................................................65
TOPIC 5: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY (ART. 1) –
SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: A THREE-WAVE STUDY
................................................................................................................... 67
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 67
Doelen van de studie................................................................................................67
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS...........................................................................68
Sustainable Employability and the Capability Perspective........................................68
Integration with JD-R Theory.....................................................................................68
Work Effort as Mediator............................................................................................ 69
Specific Hypotheses..................................................................................................69
MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................... 69
Study Population and Procedure...............................................................................69
Measures................................................................................................................... 70
Statistical analysis................................................................................................... 70
RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 71
Measurement Validation and the Longitudinal Invariance of the Scales....................71
Descriptive statistics.................................................................................................72
Hypothesis Testing.................................................................................................... 72
Additional Analyses................................................................................................... 73
Summary.................................................................................................................. 73
DISCUSSION MAIN FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION...................................................................73
Theoretical Implications............................................................................................74
Practical Implications................................................................................................ 74
Limitations and Future Research...............................................................................75
Conclusion................................................................................................................ 75
TOPIC 5: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY (ART. 2) –
OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: PUBLIC HEALTH IN
OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS.............................................................................76
HEALTHY ORGANIZATIONS AND HEALTHY PEOPLE.......................................................................76
PURPOSE AND ORIGINS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY..................................................76
THE EVOLVING CONTEXT OF WORK........................................................................................77
Changes in the Employment Context........................................................................77
Changes in the Organization of Work........................................................................77
Changes in Workforce Characteristics.......................................................................77
THE PATH MODEL............................................................................................................. 78
Prevention and the Public Health Model....................................................................79
FUTURE DIRECTIONS........................................................................................................... 81
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 83
TOPIC 6: MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE – (ART. 1)..........................................84
NEEDS............................................................................................................................. 84
PERSONALITY TRAITS.......................................................................................................... 85
The Five Factor Model (FFM).....................................................................................85
Core self-evaluations (CSEs).....................................................................................85
Goal orientation........................................................................................................ 86
Self-determination theory.........................................................................................86
VALUES........................................................................................................................... 86
COGNITION....................................................................................................................... 87
Goal setting............................................................................................................... 87
Social cognitive theory..............................................................................................88
Action theory............................................................................................................ 89
Control theory........................................................................................................... 89
AFFECT............................................................................................................................ 90
Equity Theory............................................................................................................ 91
, Organizational Justice............................................................................................... 91
Affective Events Theory............................................................................................ 91
ENVIRONMENT/CONTEXT...................................................................................................... 92
Behaviorism.............................................................................................................. 92
Organizational and Societal Culture..........................................................................92
NEW DIRECTIONS............................................................................................................... 93
TOPIC 6: MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE – (ART. 2)..........................................95
JOB PERFORMANCE AS A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT..............................................................95
Task performance...................................................................................................... 95
Contextual Performance........................................................................................... 95
Adaptive Performance...............................................................................................96
Relationship between Task, Contextual and Adaptive Performance..........................96
Measurement of Performance...................................................................................97
PREDICTORS OF INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN JOB PERFORMANCE..........................................97
Person-specific variables...........................................................................................97
INTRAINDIVIDUAL CHANGE AND VARIABILITY IN PERFORMANCE...................................................100
RESEARCH AGENDA.......................................................................................................... 101
TOPIC 7: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES.....................................................103
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES..............................................................................103
TOPIC 8: ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE & INNOVATION......................................108
CLASSIC STUDIES............................................................................................................. 108
The Hawthorne studies...........................................................................................108
Kurt Lewin's Planned Approach to Change..............................................................109
Coch and French (1948): Resistance to Change......................................................110
RECENT RESEARCH: EMERGING ISSUES.................................................................................111
The Pace, Sequence, and Linearity of Different Types of Organizational Change....112
Different types of Organizational Change: Distinguishing ‘Episodic’ and ‘Continuous’
Change.................................................................................................................... 113
Change vs inertia.................................................................................................... 114
The Role of Individuals in Change: Sensemaking and Emotions..............................115
KEY DEBATES.................................................................................................................. 116
The Nature of Organizational Change: Methodological Implications........................116
The Partnership between Scholars and Practitioners and the Relevance of OD......117
EMERGING RESEARCH AGENDA’S........................................................................................119
TOPIC 9 – (ART. 1): FINDING THE OPTIMAL MIX BETWEEN TELEWORK AND
OFFICE HOURS TO ENHANCE EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY................................121
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 121
Contributions tot he scientific and societal debates................................................121
THE CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELEWORK INTENSITY AND INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY....122
INCORPORATING INSIGHTS FROM THE PROFESSIONAL ISOLATION LITERATURE IN THE JOB DEMANDS-
RESOURCES MODEL TO STUDY THE POSSIBLE MEDIATING ROLE OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND THE
MODERATING ROLE OF WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS.....................................................................123
The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation in the Relationship between Telework
Intensity and Individual Productivity.......................................................................123
The Moderating Role of Weekly Office Hours in the Direct and Indirect Relationships
between Telework Intensity and Individual Productivity..........................................124
SAMPLE AND PROCEDURE.................................................................................................. 124
Control variables..................................................................................................... 125
Data analysis.......................................................................................................... 125
RESULTS........................................................................................................................ 125
Descriptive analyses...............................................................................................125
Testing Hypotheses:................................................................................................ 125
ANOVA Analyses:..................................................................................................... 126
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................126
Organizations
Inhoudsopgave
WHAT IS WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY.......................................6
THE DOMAIN OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY..........................................................6
WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE..........................................................7
WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PURE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND APPLIED RESEARCH.........7
FUTURE TOPICS FOR WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY.....................................................8
LEADERSHIP: CURRENT THEORIES, RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS..........9
OVERVIEW OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP.....................................................................................9
AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................10
Heritability and leadership........................................................................................10
Examining Evidence for positive leadership interventions........................................10
Future focus required................................................................................................10
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND LEADERSHIP..............................................................................10
NEW-GENRE LEADERSHIP.................................................................................................... 11
COMPLEXITY LEADERSHIP..................................................................................................... 12
SHARED, COLLECTIVE OR DISTRIBUTED LEADERSHIP.................................................................13
LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE................................................................................................ 13
FOLLOWERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP.......................................................................................... 14
SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP............................................................................................. 15
SERVANT LEADERSHIP......................................................................................................... 15
SPIRITUALITY AND LEADERSHIP............................................................................................. 16
Challenges and Criticism........................................................................................... 16
CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP.............................................................................................. 17
Project GLOBE: An Influential Study..........................................................................17
Two Approaches to Global Leadership.......................................................................17
Comparative Leadership Research............................................................................17
E-LEADERSHIP................................................................................................................. 18
Challenges to Traditional Models...............................................................................18
The Impact of Technology......................................................................................... 18
Central Questions in E-Leadership............................................................................18
Group and virtual teams research.............................................................................18
CLOSING COMMENTS AND INTEGRATION..................................................................................19
LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................22
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN LEADERSHIP RESEARCH............................................................22
The trait approach.................................................................................................... 23
Leadership style – behavior approach.......................................................................23
Contingency Approaches..........................................................................................24
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO STUDYING LEADERSHIP................................................................27
1. Reward and punishment.......................................................................................27
2. Differentiating between subordinates...................................................................27
3. When do we need leadership................................................................................27
4. The role of perception...........................................................................................27
5. Power and influence..............................................................................................28
THE NEW LEADERSHIP......................................................................................................... 28
1. The concept of charisma.......................................................................................29
2. Transactional and transformational leadership.....................................................31
CROSS CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES........................................................................................... 32
The globe project...................................................................................................... 33
, IS THERE A FUTURE FOR LEADERSHIP ?...................................................................................34
SELECTION & TRAINING................................................................................36
TWO BRANCHES OF DESCRIPTORS......................................................................................... 36
DECISIONS....................................................................................................................... 37
COMMON METHODS OF JOB ANALYSIS.....................................................................................39
STANDARD LISTS OF TRAITS................................................................................................. 40
ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES............................................................................................. 40
ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES.............................................................................................. 40
JOB ANALYSIS AND TEST VALIDATION.......................................................................................41
CONVENTIONAL VALIDATION STRATEGY....................................................................................41
ALTERNATIVE..................................................................................................................... 42
VALIDITY TRANSPORT.......................................................................................................... 42
VALIDITY GENERALIZATION................................................................................................... 43
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES - JUDGMENT BASED.........................................................................43
Minimum Qualifications............................................................................................. 43
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................... 43
PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT IN SELECTION PROCESS.......................................44
WHAT IS FIT?.................................................................................................................... 44
FIT TO: SUBTYPES OF FIT..................................................................................................... 44
FIT ABOUT: MODES OF FIT................................................................................................... 44
PERCEIVED, SUBJECTIVE AND ACTUAL/OBJECTIVE FIT..................................................................45
INTEGRATED MODEL OF FIT GROM THE ORGANIZATION AND APPLICANT PERSPECTIVES.......................46
PREHIRE ANTICIPATORY FIT................................................................................................... 46
POSTHIRE IMPLICATION OF FIT............................................................................................... 47
Perceived anticipatory fit of applicants.....................................................................49
Objective Anticipatory Fit..........................................................................................49
Sources of P and E information for organizations......................................................50
ANTICIPATORY FIT FROM THE APPLICANT'S PERSPECTIVE............................................................50
IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................... 51
TOPIC 4: GROUPS, TEAMS & ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (ART. 1)....................52
EMOTIONS IN TEAMS........................................................................................................... 52
Positive emotions and attitudes................................................................................52
Negative emotions and attitudes..............................................................................52
Indirect effects.......................................................................................................... 53
Group affective tone.................................................................................................53
CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION IN TEAMS............................................................54
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 56
TOPIC 4: GROUPS, TEAMS & ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (ART. 2)....................57
INTEGRATED MODEL OF CULTURE AND CLIMATE.........................................................................57
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.................................................................................................. 58
Three perspectives:..................................................................................................58
Layers of culture:...................................................................................................... 59
The content of organizational culture.......................................................................59
Antecedents of organizational culture.......................................................................60
Outcomes of Culture................................................................................................. 61
Mediators and moderators........................................................................................61
Conclusions............................................................................................................... 62
CLIMATE.......................................................................................................................... 62
Historical roots and theoretical foundations..............................................................62
Controversies and resolutions...................................................................................63
Objective versus perceptual climate and levels of analysis......................................63
Generic Climate dimensions......................................................................................63
Strategic climates..................................................................................................... 64
Antecedents of climate............................................................................................. 64
OUTCOMES OF CLIMATE....................................................................................................... 64
, Individual-level outcomes......................................................................................... 64
Subunit and organizational-level outcomes..............................................................65
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND CLIMATE.......................................................................65
OVERLAP AND CONFUSION BETWEEN CULTURE AND CLIMATE.......................................................65
TOPIC 5: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY (ART. 1) –
SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: A THREE-WAVE STUDY
................................................................................................................... 67
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 67
Doelen van de studie................................................................................................67
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS...........................................................................68
Sustainable Employability and the Capability Perspective........................................68
Integration with JD-R Theory.....................................................................................68
Work Effort as Mediator............................................................................................ 69
Specific Hypotheses..................................................................................................69
MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................... 69
Study Population and Procedure...............................................................................69
Measures................................................................................................................... 70
Statistical analysis................................................................................................... 70
RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 71
Measurement Validation and the Longitudinal Invariance of the Scales....................71
Descriptive statistics.................................................................................................72
Hypothesis Testing.................................................................................................... 72
Additional Analyses................................................................................................... 73
Summary.................................................................................................................. 73
DISCUSSION MAIN FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION...................................................................73
Theoretical Implications............................................................................................74
Practical Implications................................................................................................ 74
Limitations and Future Research...............................................................................75
Conclusion................................................................................................................ 75
TOPIC 5: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYABILITY (ART. 2) –
OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: PUBLIC HEALTH IN
OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS.............................................................................76
HEALTHY ORGANIZATIONS AND HEALTHY PEOPLE.......................................................................76
PURPOSE AND ORIGINS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY..................................................76
THE EVOLVING CONTEXT OF WORK........................................................................................77
Changes in the Employment Context........................................................................77
Changes in the Organization of Work........................................................................77
Changes in Workforce Characteristics.......................................................................77
THE PATH MODEL............................................................................................................. 78
Prevention and the Public Health Model....................................................................79
FUTURE DIRECTIONS........................................................................................................... 81
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 83
TOPIC 6: MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE – (ART. 1)..........................................84
NEEDS............................................................................................................................. 84
PERSONALITY TRAITS.......................................................................................................... 85
The Five Factor Model (FFM).....................................................................................85
Core self-evaluations (CSEs).....................................................................................85
Goal orientation........................................................................................................ 86
Self-determination theory.........................................................................................86
VALUES........................................................................................................................... 86
COGNITION....................................................................................................................... 87
Goal setting............................................................................................................... 87
Social cognitive theory..............................................................................................88
Action theory............................................................................................................ 89
Control theory........................................................................................................... 89
AFFECT............................................................................................................................ 90
Equity Theory............................................................................................................ 91
, Organizational Justice............................................................................................... 91
Affective Events Theory............................................................................................ 91
ENVIRONMENT/CONTEXT...................................................................................................... 92
Behaviorism.............................................................................................................. 92
Organizational and Societal Culture..........................................................................92
NEW DIRECTIONS............................................................................................................... 93
TOPIC 6: MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE – (ART. 2)..........................................95
JOB PERFORMANCE AS A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT..............................................................95
Task performance...................................................................................................... 95
Contextual Performance........................................................................................... 95
Adaptive Performance...............................................................................................96
Relationship between Task, Contextual and Adaptive Performance..........................96
Measurement of Performance...................................................................................97
PREDICTORS OF INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN JOB PERFORMANCE..........................................97
Person-specific variables...........................................................................................97
INTRAINDIVIDUAL CHANGE AND VARIABILITY IN PERFORMANCE...................................................100
RESEARCH AGENDA.......................................................................................................... 101
TOPIC 7: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES.....................................................103
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES..............................................................................103
TOPIC 8: ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE & INNOVATION......................................108
CLASSIC STUDIES............................................................................................................. 108
The Hawthorne studies...........................................................................................108
Kurt Lewin's Planned Approach to Change..............................................................109
Coch and French (1948): Resistance to Change......................................................110
RECENT RESEARCH: EMERGING ISSUES.................................................................................111
The Pace, Sequence, and Linearity of Different Types of Organizational Change....112
Different types of Organizational Change: Distinguishing ‘Episodic’ and ‘Continuous’
Change.................................................................................................................... 113
Change vs inertia.................................................................................................... 114
The Role of Individuals in Change: Sensemaking and Emotions..............................115
KEY DEBATES.................................................................................................................. 116
The Nature of Organizational Change: Methodological Implications........................116
The Partnership between Scholars and Practitioners and the Relevance of OD......117
EMERGING RESEARCH AGENDA’S........................................................................................119
TOPIC 9 – (ART. 1): FINDING THE OPTIMAL MIX BETWEEN TELEWORK AND
OFFICE HOURS TO ENHANCE EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY................................121
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 121
Contributions tot he scientific and societal debates................................................121
THE CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELEWORK INTENSITY AND INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY....122
INCORPORATING INSIGHTS FROM THE PROFESSIONAL ISOLATION LITERATURE IN THE JOB DEMANDS-
RESOURCES MODEL TO STUDY THE POSSIBLE MEDIATING ROLE OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND THE
MODERATING ROLE OF WEEKLY OFFICE HOURS.....................................................................123
The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation in the Relationship between Telework
Intensity and Individual Productivity.......................................................................123
The Moderating Role of Weekly Office Hours in the Direct and Indirect Relationships
between Telework Intensity and Individual Productivity..........................................124
SAMPLE AND PROCEDURE.................................................................................................. 124
Control variables..................................................................................................... 125
Data analysis.......................................................................................................... 125
RESULTS........................................................................................................................ 125
Descriptive analyses...............................................................................................125
Testing Hypotheses:................................................................................................ 125
ANOVA Analyses:..................................................................................................... 126
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................126
