NU 621
Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterms (Qns & Ans)
2025
General Instructions
1. Read All Questions Carefully: Make sure you understand each question.
2. Time Management: You have a specific amount of time to complete the exam.
Keep an eye on the clock and pace yourself.
3. Allowed Materials: Only use materials that are explicitly allowed. Unauthorized
materials can lead to disqualification.
4. ANS Format: Follow the required format for your ANS. For example, multiple-
choice questions might need you to select the best ANS, while essay questions
require detailed responses.
5. Academic Integrity: Adhere to the university's honor code. Any form of cheating or
plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
6. Technical Requirements: Ensure your computer and internet connection are
stable. For online exams, you might need a webcam and microphone for proctoring
purposes.
7. Submission: Submit your ANS before the time expires. Late submissions might
not be accepted.
©2024/2025
,1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological
mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Airway hyperresponsiveness
- B. Alveolar destruction
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pleural effusion
- ANS: B. Alveolar destruction
- Rationale: COPD primarily involves the destruction of
alveoli, leading to decreased gas exchange and airflow
obstruction.
2. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which
electrolyte imbalance is most commonly observed?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hypocalcemia
- C. Hypernatremia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
- ANS: A. Hyperkalemia
- Rationale: Hyperkalemia is common in CKD due to
decreased renal excretion of potassium.
©2024/2025
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark of acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS)?
- A. Pulmonary hypertension
- B. Alveolar hypoventilation
- C. Diffuse alveolar damage
- D. Pleural effusion
- ANS: C. Diffuse alveolar damage
- Rationale: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar
damage, leading to severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause of
secondary hypertension?
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Chronic kidney disease
- D. Cushing's syndrome
- ANS: C. Chronic kidney disease
- Rationale: Chronic kidney disease is the most common
cause of secondary hypertension due to impaired renal function.
©2024/2025
, 5. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- A. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
- B. Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- C. Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- D. Negative rheumatoid factor (RF)
- ANS: B. Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Rationale: A positive ANA test is a characteristic finding in
SLE and is used as a diagnostic criterion.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
6. The primary pathophysiological feature of asthma is
__________.
- ANS: Airway inflammation
- Rationale: Asthma is characterized by chronic airway
inflammation, leading to bronchoconstriction and airflow
limitation.
7. The most common genetic cause of cystic fibrosis is a
mutation in the __________ gene.
- ANS: CFTR
©2024/2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterms (Qns & Ans)
2025
General Instructions
1. Read All Questions Carefully: Make sure you understand each question.
2. Time Management: You have a specific amount of time to complete the exam.
Keep an eye on the clock and pace yourself.
3. Allowed Materials: Only use materials that are explicitly allowed. Unauthorized
materials can lead to disqualification.
4. ANS Format: Follow the required format for your ANS. For example, multiple-
choice questions might need you to select the best ANS, while essay questions
require detailed responses.
5. Academic Integrity: Adhere to the university's honor code. Any form of cheating or
plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
6. Technical Requirements: Ensure your computer and internet connection are
stable. For online exams, you might need a webcam and microphone for proctoring
purposes.
7. Submission: Submit your ANS before the time expires. Late submissions might
not be accepted.
©2024/2025
,1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological
mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Airway hyperresponsiveness
- B. Alveolar destruction
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pleural effusion
- ANS: B. Alveolar destruction
- Rationale: COPD primarily involves the destruction of
alveoli, leading to decreased gas exchange and airflow
obstruction.
2. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which
electrolyte imbalance is most commonly observed?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hypocalcemia
- C. Hypernatremia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
- ANS: A. Hyperkalemia
- Rationale: Hyperkalemia is common in CKD due to
decreased renal excretion of potassium.
©2024/2025
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark of acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS)?
- A. Pulmonary hypertension
- B. Alveolar hypoventilation
- C. Diffuse alveolar damage
- D. Pleural effusion
- ANS: C. Diffuse alveolar damage
- Rationale: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar
damage, leading to severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause of
secondary hypertension?
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Chronic kidney disease
- D. Cushing's syndrome
- ANS: C. Chronic kidney disease
- Rationale: Chronic kidney disease is the most common
cause of secondary hypertension due to impaired renal function.
©2024/2025
, 5. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- A. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
- B. Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- C. Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- D. Negative rheumatoid factor (RF)
- ANS: B. Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Rationale: A positive ANA test is a characteristic finding in
SLE and is used as a diagnostic criterion.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
6. The primary pathophysiological feature of asthma is
__________.
- ANS: Airway inflammation
- Rationale: Asthma is characterized by chronic airway
inflammation, leading to bronchoconstriction and airflow
limitation.
7. The most common genetic cause of cystic fibrosis is a
mutation in the __________ gene.
- ANS: CFTR
©2024/2025
