PHA 611 Exam With Correct
Solution
Plant Stems - ANSWER • provide a framework for leaves, flowers and seeds
• carry water and minerals from the soil, and sugars
• Uses: o Paper production;
o Cork production; o Handicrafts;
o Horticulture, landscaping and bonsai making;
o History, culture and economics.
Curcumin (Curcuma longa) - ANSWER • The spice that gives the bright yellow color to
prepare (hot dog) mustard. It's also a source of yellow and orange dyes for wool and
silk, notably as a coloring for the robes of Buddhist monks
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) - ANSWER • used in making root beer is usually the bark
of the root. A&W Root Beer at one time contained no sassafras, but used sarsaparilla
root for flavoring
Hops (Humulus lupulus) - ANSWER • The herb used to flavor beer.
• Hops are closely related botanically to marijuana.
Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) - ANSWER • Flavoring/spice
Node - ANSWER area, or region (not structure), of a stem where a leaf or leaves are
attached
Internode - ANSWER a stem region between nodes.
Blade - ANSWER leaf
Petiole - ANSWER structure/stalk that attaches leaf blade to the twig
Axil - ANSWER angle between a petiole and the stem containing a bud (axillary bud)
Axillary buds - ANSWER may become branches, or they may contain tissues that will
develop into the next season's flowers (in flowering plants/angiosperms.
Bud scales - ANSWER protect buds; fall off when the bud tissue starts to grow leaving
bud scale scars
, Terminal bud - ANSWER - present at the tip of each twig; do not become separate
branches, but, instead, the meristems within them normally produce tissues that make
the twig grow longer during the growing season.
Stipules - ANSWER are paired, often somewhat leaflike, appendages that may remain
throughout the life of the leaf; fall off as the buds expand in the spring, leaving tiny
stipule scars.
Bundle scars - ANSWER mark the location of the water-conducting and food-conducting
tissues, are usually visible within the leaf scars.
Lenticel - ANSWER loosely arranged cork cells that allows gas exchange
Apical meristem - ANSWER • located at the tip of each stem;
• gives rise to primary tissues
• contributes to an increase in the length of the stem.
• dormant before the growing season begins.
• When a bud begins to expand or a seed germinates, the cells of the apical meristem
undergo mitosis, and soon three primary meristems develop from it
o Protoderm
o Procambium
o Ground meristem - ANSWER three primary meristems
Protoderm - ANSWER outermost of these primary meristems; gives rise to the epidermis
(typically one cell thick and usually becomes coated with a thin, waxy, protective layer,
the cuticle)
Procambium - ANSWER cylinder of strands that appears to the interior of the
protoderm; produces primary xylem cells and primary phloem cells
Ground meristem - ANSWER produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells
(function in storing food or sometimes, if chloroplasts are present, in manufacturing it)
Pith - ANSWER parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem is the pith. Pith cells tend to
be very large and may break down shortly after they are formed, leaving a cylindrical,
hollow area.
Cortex - ANSWER may become more extensive than the pith, but in woody plants, it, too,
eventually will be crushed and replaced by new tissues produced from within.
Epidermis, Primary Xylem, Primary Phloem, Pith and Cortex - ANSWER *Primary tissues
arising from the apical meristem:
Lateral meristems - ANSWER • Gives rise to secondary tissues (add to the girth of the
Solution
Plant Stems - ANSWER • provide a framework for leaves, flowers and seeds
• carry water and minerals from the soil, and sugars
• Uses: o Paper production;
o Cork production; o Handicrafts;
o Horticulture, landscaping and bonsai making;
o History, culture and economics.
Curcumin (Curcuma longa) - ANSWER • The spice that gives the bright yellow color to
prepare (hot dog) mustard. It's also a source of yellow and orange dyes for wool and
silk, notably as a coloring for the robes of Buddhist monks
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) - ANSWER • used in making root beer is usually the bark
of the root. A&W Root Beer at one time contained no sassafras, but used sarsaparilla
root for flavoring
Hops (Humulus lupulus) - ANSWER • The herb used to flavor beer.
• Hops are closely related botanically to marijuana.
Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) - ANSWER • Flavoring/spice
Node - ANSWER area, or region (not structure), of a stem where a leaf or leaves are
attached
Internode - ANSWER a stem region between nodes.
Blade - ANSWER leaf
Petiole - ANSWER structure/stalk that attaches leaf blade to the twig
Axil - ANSWER angle between a petiole and the stem containing a bud (axillary bud)
Axillary buds - ANSWER may become branches, or they may contain tissues that will
develop into the next season's flowers (in flowering plants/angiosperms.
Bud scales - ANSWER protect buds; fall off when the bud tissue starts to grow leaving
bud scale scars
, Terminal bud - ANSWER - present at the tip of each twig; do not become separate
branches, but, instead, the meristems within them normally produce tissues that make
the twig grow longer during the growing season.
Stipules - ANSWER are paired, often somewhat leaflike, appendages that may remain
throughout the life of the leaf; fall off as the buds expand in the spring, leaving tiny
stipule scars.
Bundle scars - ANSWER mark the location of the water-conducting and food-conducting
tissues, are usually visible within the leaf scars.
Lenticel - ANSWER loosely arranged cork cells that allows gas exchange
Apical meristem - ANSWER • located at the tip of each stem;
• gives rise to primary tissues
• contributes to an increase in the length of the stem.
• dormant before the growing season begins.
• When a bud begins to expand or a seed germinates, the cells of the apical meristem
undergo mitosis, and soon three primary meristems develop from it
o Protoderm
o Procambium
o Ground meristem - ANSWER three primary meristems
Protoderm - ANSWER outermost of these primary meristems; gives rise to the epidermis
(typically one cell thick and usually becomes coated with a thin, waxy, protective layer,
the cuticle)
Procambium - ANSWER cylinder of strands that appears to the interior of the
protoderm; produces primary xylem cells and primary phloem cells
Ground meristem - ANSWER produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells
(function in storing food or sometimes, if chloroplasts are present, in manufacturing it)
Pith - ANSWER parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem is the pith. Pith cells tend to
be very large and may break down shortly after they are formed, leaving a cylindrical,
hollow area.
Cortex - ANSWER may become more extensive than the pith, but in woody plants, it, too,
eventually will be crushed and replaced by new tissues produced from within.
Epidermis, Primary Xylem, Primary Phloem, Pith and Cortex - ANSWER *Primary tissues
arising from the apical meristem:
Lateral meristems - ANSWER • Gives rise to secondary tissues (add to the girth of the
