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NURS 231 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic alpha 1 excitatory effect for
the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Alpha 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the sphincters to contract, closing the sphincters
5. This effect stops urination from occurring
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 1 excitatory effect for
the heart:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the cardiac muscle to contract, increasing the heart rate and the
strength of contractions
5. Occurs in fight or flight situations
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 2 inhibitory effect for
the GI tract:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 2
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2. Norepinephrine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the smooth muscle to relax, slowing the movement of food
through the GI tract
5. Occurs in high-energy situations
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 2 inhibitory effect for
the bronchioles:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 2
2. Norepinephrine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles to relax, resulting in
bronchiole dilation to increase oxygen entry
5. High energy situations
Explain the effect of the ANS on male external genitalia during erection (5).
- ANS ✓1. Blood needs to enter the penis for it to become erect.
2. Blood vessel diameter is controlled by the parasympathetic in this case.
3. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic
receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessels.
4. The acetylcholine has an inhibitory reaction, causing the smooth muscle
to relax.
5. This opens up the diameter of blood vessels that go to the penis, allowing
blood to flow into it.
Explain the effect of the ANS on male external genitalia during ejaculation
(4). - ANS ✓1. Erection is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
2. Neurotransmitter is norepinephrine, which binds to alpha 1 receptors on
smooth muscle.
3. It has an excitatory effect, causing smooth muscle to contract.
4. Peristalsis occurs, which moves sperm through the penis.
What is the role of the sympathetic division on the adrenal medulla (6)? -
ANS ✓1. Adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys.
2. There is one neuron and synapse in the pathway from the spine to the
adrenal gland.
3. Sympathetic releases acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic receptors on
adrenal gland.
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4. The adrenal medulla produces norepinephrine and epinephrine.
5. These go through the blood, and norepinephrine binds to beta 1
receptors on the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and increase
strength of contraction
6. Norepinephrine also goes to other organs and acts the same way the
neurotransmitter does
What are differences between the effects of neurotransmitters and
hormones (2)? - ANS ✓1. Hormones have a slower effect
2. Hormones effects last longer
What is the role of the sympathetic division on the blood vessels (6)? - ANS
✓1. Acts at the second synapse
2. Neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
3. Binds to alpha receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessels, causing an
excitatory effect
4. Smooth muscle contracts, constricting blood vessels
5. Blood pressure increases
6. To achieve the opposite effect, turn off the norepinephrine and allow the
smooth muscle to relax
What is the role of the sympathetic division on thermoregulation (4)? - ANS
✓1. When systemic body temp rises, sympathetic nerves dilate the skin's blood
vessels, allowing heat to escape
2. Sweat glands are activated to cool the body
3. When body temp drops, the sympathetic constricts blood vessels to
prevent heat loss
4. This stimulates contraction of arrector pili muscles attached to hair
follicles, which erects hairs and produces "goosebumps"
What are 2 effects drugs can have on receptors? - ANS ✓1. Drugs can block
receptors so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind and cause the normal effect.
2. Drugs can bind onto the receptor and "mimic" the effect of the
neurotransmitter, doing the same thing the neurotransmitter does
Explain asthma in terms of drugs effects (7). - ANS ✓1. Parasympathetic
causes bronchioles to constrict
2. Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to a muscarinic receptor,
causing smooth muscle to contract
3. Bronchioles constrict, making it hard to breathe
4. Sympathetic causes bronchioles to dilate
NURS 231
NURS
NURS 231 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic alpha 1 excitatory effect for
the bladder sphincters:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Alpha 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the sphincters to contract, closing the sphincters
5. This effect stops urination from occurring
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 1 excitatory effect for
the heart:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 1
2. Norepinephrine
3. Excitatory
4. Causes the cardiac muscle to contract, increasing the heart rate and the
strength of contractions
5. Occurs in fight or flight situations
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 2 inhibitory effect for
the GI tract:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 2
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2. Norepinephrine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the smooth muscle to relax, slowing the movement of food
through the GI tract
5. Occurs in high-energy situations
Explain the following sympathetic adrenergic beta 2 inhibitory effect for
the bronchioles:
1. Receptor type
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Excitatory or inhibitory
4. Effect
5. When effect would occur - ANS ✓1. Beta 2
2. Norepinephrine
3. Inhibitory
4. Causes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles to relax, resulting in
bronchiole dilation to increase oxygen entry
5. High energy situations
Explain the effect of the ANS on male external genitalia during erection (5).
- ANS ✓1. Blood needs to enter the penis for it to become erect.
2. Blood vessel diameter is controlled by the parasympathetic in this case.
3. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic
receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessels.
4. The acetylcholine has an inhibitory reaction, causing the smooth muscle
to relax.
5. This opens up the diameter of blood vessels that go to the penis, allowing
blood to flow into it.
Explain the effect of the ANS on male external genitalia during ejaculation
(4). - ANS ✓1. Erection is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
2. Neurotransmitter is norepinephrine, which binds to alpha 1 receptors on
smooth muscle.
3. It has an excitatory effect, causing smooth muscle to contract.
4. Peristalsis occurs, which moves sperm through the penis.
What is the role of the sympathetic division on the adrenal medulla (6)? -
ANS ✓1. Adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys.
2. There is one neuron and synapse in the pathway from the spine to the
adrenal gland.
3. Sympathetic releases acetylcholine, which binds to nicotinic receptors on
adrenal gland.
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4. The adrenal medulla produces norepinephrine and epinephrine.
5. These go through the blood, and norepinephrine binds to beta 1
receptors on the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and increase
strength of contraction
6. Norepinephrine also goes to other organs and acts the same way the
neurotransmitter does
What are differences between the effects of neurotransmitters and
hormones (2)? - ANS ✓1. Hormones have a slower effect
2. Hormones effects last longer
What is the role of the sympathetic division on the blood vessels (6)? - ANS
✓1. Acts at the second synapse
2. Neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
3. Binds to alpha receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessels, causing an
excitatory effect
4. Smooth muscle contracts, constricting blood vessels
5. Blood pressure increases
6. To achieve the opposite effect, turn off the norepinephrine and allow the
smooth muscle to relax
What is the role of the sympathetic division on thermoregulation (4)? - ANS
✓1. When systemic body temp rises, sympathetic nerves dilate the skin's blood
vessels, allowing heat to escape
2. Sweat glands are activated to cool the body
3. When body temp drops, the sympathetic constricts blood vessels to
prevent heat loss
4. This stimulates contraction of arrector pili muscles attached to hair
follicles, which erects hairs and produces "goosebumps"
What are 2 effects drugs can have on receptors? - ANS ✓1. Drugs can block
receptors so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind and cause the normal effect.
2. Drugs can bind onto the receptor and "mimic" the effect of the
neurotransmitter, doing the same thing the neurotransmitter does
Explain asthma in terms of drugs effects (7). - ANS ✓1. Parasympathetic
causes bronchioles to constrict
2. Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to a muscarinic receptor,
causing smooth muscle to contract
3. Bronchioles constrict, making it hard to breathe
4. Sympathetic causes bronchioles to dilate
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