CSCCa SCCC Study Guide- Complete Guide (Q’s And A’s)
Muscle Spindle Right Ans - Propriocepter, Senses Stretch, Activates Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Right Ans - Propriocepter, Senses Tension, Inhibits
Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Adaptations Resistance Training Right Ans - The
ability of Motor Cortex to Override Muscle Inhibition from tension
Work (Formula) Right Ans - Work = Force x Displacement
Power (Formula) Right Ans - P = Work / Velocity (Time)
Angular Displacement Right Ans - Angle through which an object rotates
Angular Velocity Right Ans - Objects Rotational Speed, measured in
Radians/second (rads/s)
Moment Arm Right Ans - Perpendicular 90 Degree to the line of Action of
the Force
Component of the Torque Unit Right Ans - Length of Moment Arm
Distance Component of the Work Unit Right Ans - Distance moved along
the line of Action of the Force
Power (Definition) Right Ans - Direct mathematical Function of Force and
Velocity
Strength (Definition) Right Ans - The Capacity to Exert Force at any given
Velocity
Human Strength (Manifestation) Right Ans - - Increased Neural Control
- Increased Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- Increased Muscle Fiber Arrangement
- Increased Muscle Length
- Efficient Joint Angles
- Increased Joint Angular Velocity
,- Increased Body Size
Maximal Force Output (Determining Factor) Right Ans - Neural Control
- Increased Motor Units / Contractions
- Increased in Motor Unit Size
- Increased Firing Rate
Rate Coding Right Ans - Motor Units being Fired
Cori Cycle Right Ans - Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the
liver to be converted to Glucose
Lactate, Lactic Acid, and Metabolic Acidosis Right Ans - Doesn't exist
NADH Right Ans - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- Produced during Glycolytic reactions
- Can be transported to the E+Transport Chain to produce ATP
Two Mechanisms for Resynthesizing ATP Right Ans - 1. Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation Right Ans - Process of
- Adding Inorganic Phosphate
- To another molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation Right Ans - Resynthesis of ATP via the Electro
Transport Chain
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Right Ans - Direct resynthesis of
- ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways
Phosphofructokinase Right Ans - Enzyme used during Glycolysis that
requires energy
Glycogenolysis Right Ans - Muscle glycogen broken down by
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Already phosphorylated glucose
,Control of Glycolysis Rate Right Ans - High concentrations of ADP, Pi, and
Ammonia
Decreases in pH, and AMP
End Product Regulation / Feedback Regulation Right Ans - Allosteric
Regulation
- End product of a reaction/s Feedback to regulate turnover of key enzymes
Allosteric Inhibition Right Ans - End product binds to the regulatory
enzyme
Decreased turnover rate
Slows Product formation
Allosteric Activation Right Ans - When the "activator" binds with the
enzyme and increases its turnover rate
Rate-Limiting Step Right Ans - Slowest step of a chemical reaction that
- Determines the speed (rate) of the remainder of the reaction proceeds
Lactate Threshold (LT) Right Ans - Specific Break Point that:
- During the lactate accumulation curve
- As exercise intensity increases
- The "intensity" that Blood lactate ABRUPT increases
- Above baseline concentrations
Lactate Threshold (Intensity) Right Ans - Maximal Oxygen Uptake:
- 50%-60% of Max Oxygen Uptake (untrained)
- 70%-80% of Max Oxygen Uptake (trained)
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) Right Ans - The second
increase in rate of lactate accumulation
- Noted at higher relative intensities
Oxidative System (Purpose) Right Ans - - Primary Source of ATP at rest
- Primary Source of ATP at low-intensity activities
- Uses primarily CHO and FAT substrates
- PRO not significant contributor of E+ unless starving or 90+ minutes of
exercise
, Percentage of Substrates Used at Rest Right Ans - 70% FAT
30% CHO
- Shifts at the onset of Exercise
Cytochromes Right Ans - Electron carries that carry hydrogen atoms in the
Electron transport chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Definition) Right Ans - The process of
producing ATP via the ETC
ATP Yield from Oxidation of one Glucose Molecule Right Ans - Slow
Glycolysis: 10
Krebs Cycle: 30
Total 40
Beta Oxidation Right Ans - When Free Fatty Acids enter Mitochondria
- Series of reactions in which FFA are broken down
- Forms Acetyl-CoA and Hydrogen Protins
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle directly to form ATP
- Yields 300 ATP, far more than any other substrate
Gluconeogenesis Right Ans - Converting proteins into new glucose
Branched-Chain Amino Acids Right Ans - The major amino acids that
oxidized in Skeletal Muscle
- Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
- Sometimes: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
Byproducts of Amino Acid Degradation Right Ans - Nitrogen, Urea, small
amounts of Ammonia
Rate Limiting Step of Krebs Cycle Right Ans - Conversion of Isocitrate to
- ä-ketoglutarate
- Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Substrate Energy Production Capacity Right Ans - Determined by intensity
of exercise
Muscle Spindle Right Ans - Propriocepter, Senses Stretch, Activates Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Right Ans - Propriocepter, Senses Tension, Inhibits
Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Adaptations Resistance Training Right Ans - The
ability of Motor Cortex to Override Muscle Inhibition from tension
Work (Formula) Right Ans - Work = Force x Displacement
Power (Formula) Right Ans - P = Work / Velocity (Time)
Angular Displacement Right Ans - Angle through which an object rotates
Angular Velocity Right Ans - Objects Rotational Speed, measured in
Radians/second (rads/s)
Moment Arm Right Ans - Perpendicular 90 Degree to the line of Action of
the Force
Component of the Torque Unit Right Ans - Length of Moment Arm
Distance Component of the Work Unit Right Ans - Distance moved along
the line of Action of the Force
Power (Definition) Right Ans - Direct mathematical Function of Force and
Velocity
Strength (Definition) Right Ans - The Capacity to Exert Force at any given
Velocity
Human Strength (Manifestation) Right Ans - - Increased Neural Control
- Increased Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- Increased Muscle Fiber Arrangement
- Increased Muscle Length
- Efficient Joint Angles
- Increased Joint Angular Velocity
,- Increased Body Size
Maximal Force Output (Determining Factor) Right Ans - Neural Control
- Increased Motor Units / Contractions
- Increased in Motor Unit Size
- Increased Firing Rate
Rate Coding Right Ans - Motor Units being Fired
Cori Cycle Right Ans - Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the
liver to be converted to Glucose
Lactate, Lactic Acid, and Metabolic Acidosis Right Ans - Doesn't exist
NADH Right Ans - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- Produced during Glycolytic reactions
- Can be transported to the E+Transport Chain to produce ATP
Two Mechanisms for Resynthesizing ATP Right Ans - 1. Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation Right Ans - Process of
- Adding Inorganic Phosphate
- To another molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation Right Ans - Resynthesis of ATP via the Electro
Transport Chain
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Right Ans - Direct resynthesis of
- ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways
Phosphofructokinase Right Ans - Enzyme used during Glycolysis that
requires energy
Glycogenolysis Right Ans - Muscle glycogen broken down by
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Already phosphorylated glucose
,Control of Glycolysis Rate Right Ans - High concentrations of ADP, Pi, and
Ammonia
Decreases in pH, and AMP
End Product Regulation / Feedback Regulation Right Ans - Allosteric
Regulation
- End product of a reaction/s Feedback to regulate turnover of key enzymes
Allosteric Inhibition Right Ans - End product binds to the regulatory
enzyme
Decreased turnover rate
Slows Product formation
Allosteric Activation Right Ans - When the "activator" binds with the
enzyme and increases its turnover rate
Rate-Limiting Step Right Ans - Slowest step of a chemical reaction that
- Determines the speed (rate) of the remainder of the reaction proceeds
Lactate Threshold (LT) Right Ans - Specific Break Point that:
- During the lactate accumulation curve
- As exercise intensity increases
- The "intensity" that Blood lactate ABRUPT increases
- Above baseline concentrations
Lactate Threshold (Intensity) Right Ans - Maximal Oxygen Uptake:
- 50%-60% of Max Oxygen Uptake (untrained)
- 70%-80% of Max Oxygen Uptake (trained)
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) Right Ans - The second
increase in rate of lactate accumulation
- Noted at higher relative intensities
Oxidative System (Purpose) Right Ans - - Primary Source of ATP at rest
- Primary Source of ATP at low-intensity activities
- Uses primarily CHO and FAT substrates
- PRO not significant contributor of E+ unless starving or 90+ minutes of
exercise
, Percentage of Substrates Used at Rest Right Ans - 70% FAT
30% CHO
- Shifts at the onset of Exercise
Cytochromes Right Ans - Electron carries that carry hydrogen atoms in the
Electron transport chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Definition) Right Ans - The process of
producing ATP via the ETC
ATP Yield from Oxidation of one Glucose Molecule Right Ans - Slow
Glycolysis: 10
Krebs Cycle: 30
Total 40
Beta Oxidation Right Ans - When Free Fatty Acids enter Mitochondria
- Series of reactions in which FFA are broken down
- Forms Acetyl-CoA and Hydrogen Protins
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle directly to form ATP
- Yields 300 ATP, far more than any other substrate
Gluconeogenesis Right Ans - Converting proteins into new glucose
Branched-Chain Amino Acids Right Ans - The major amino acids that
oxidized in Skeletal Muscle
- Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
- Sometimes: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
Byproducts of Amino Acid Degradation Right Ans - Nitrogen, Urea, small
amounts of Ammonia
Rate Limiting Step of Krebs Cycle Right Ans - Conversion of Isocitrate to
- ä-ketoglutarate
- Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Substrate Energy Production Capacity Right Ans - Determined by intensity
of exercise
