EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN CYBERSECURITY C844.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN
CYBERSECURITY C844


Whatpoispocellular?po-poans--
Cellularpoispoapogenericpotermpoforpomobilepophoneposystemspoorpodevices.

Whatpoispocellularpodesign?po-poans--Thepoideapoofpousingpohexagonalpo(six-sided)pocells.

Whatpoispoapobasepotransceiverpostationpo(BTS)?po-poans--
Anpoantennapoarraypothatpocommunicatespodirectlypowithpotheposubscriberpophonespowithi
npoitspocoveragepoarea.

Whatpoarepocellpotowers?po-poans--
Antennapoarrayspothatpoarepousuallypoperchedpoonpoapotallpometalpostructure.

WhatpoarepoT1/E1potrunks?po-poans--
Theypoarepothepostandardpodigitalpocarrierposignalspothatpotransmitpobothpovoicepoandpodat
a.

Whatpoarepobasepocontrollerpostationspo(BCS)?po-poans--Point-to-
pointpomicrowavepolinkspowhichpoconnectspotopothepocoreponetwork.

Whatpoispofequencyporeuse?po-poans--
Patternspothatpousepothepopracticepoofpoassigningpomultiplepouserspotopotheposamepofrequ
encypochannel,poachievedpobypothepophysicalposeparationpoofpopowerpomanagementpoofp
othepotransmissionpostreams.


Whatpoarepomacrocells?po-poans--
cellspowithinpoapomobileposystempoforpolargepocoveragepoareaspothatpoareponeededpoforpor
uralpoareas.

Whatpoarepomicrocells?po-poans--
Cellspowithinpoapomobileposystempoforposmallpocoveragepoareaspothatpoareponeededpoforpo
urbanpoareas.

Whatpoarepopicocells?po-poans--SmallpohotspotpocellspoofferingpoWi-
Fipoconnectivitypoviapoapomobilepocarrierpothatpoareponeededpoforpodensepourbanpoareas.

,WhatpoareposomepocharacteristicspoofpoFrequnecypoDivisionpoMultiplepoAccess?po-poans--
Itpoispothepofoundationpoofpocellularpocoveragepomaps,pobutpoinpothispocase,poeachpochann
elpoisposplitpouppofurtherposopothatpomultiplepouserspocanposharepoapocommonpochannelpo
withoutpointerference.po

FDMApofrequenciespoarepoassignedpoforpothepolengthpoofpothepocommunication,pothepodo
wnsidepobeingpothatpounusedpochannelspositpoidle.poFDMApoispoapo1Gpotechnology,poandp
oispostillpocommonpoinposatellitepocommunications.


WhatpoarepocharacteristicspoofpoTimepoDivisionpoMultiplepoAccesspo(TDMA)?po-poans--
Itpoallowspomultiplepouserspoonpotheposamepofrequencypochannel.poeachpowithpoitspoownpo
sliverpoofpotime.poThispoworkspowillpoinpoapovoicepoconversationpobecausepoapophonepocon
versationpobetweenpotwopopeoplepoispomostlyposilince.poThatpomeanspothere'spoapolotpoofp
o"emptypospace"poonpoapochannelpoevenpowhenpoit'spoinpouse.po


TDMApodoesponotporequirepohigh-
performancepofilteringpoaspoFDMApodoes,pobutpoitpodoesporequirepoverypotightpotimingposy
nchronization.poTDMApohelpedpobridgepo1Gpotechnologypotopo2Gpoandpoallowedpoforpora
pidposubscriberpoexpansionpofrompothepooriginalpoanalogpocellposystemspotopodigitialpowith
outpoexpensivepoupgradespotopotheposystempoitself.

WhatpoispoCodepoDivisionpoMultiplepoAccesspo(CDMA)?po-poans--
Apo3Gpotechnology,poitpomakespoitpopossiblepoforposeveralpouserspotoposharepomultiplepofr
equencypobandspoatpotheposamepotimepobypospreadingpotheposignalpooutpooverpothepofreq
uencies.poThispospread-
spectrumpotechniquepousespocodespotopodistinguishpobetweenpoconnections.poThepowide
pobandwidthspoandpoimprovepopowerpousagepogreatlyporeducepointerfernce,poandpothepoc
odingpoallowspomultiplepouserspotopooccupypotheposamepochannelpoatpotheposamepotime.

Whatpoispothepohandoffpoprocess?po-poans--
Itpooccurspoatpothepopointpowhenpobothponeighborpofrequencyposignalspoarepoatpotheirpolow
est,pousuallypoatpothepoborderpobetweenpotwopocells.

WhatpoispothepoAdvancedpoMobilepoPhonepoSystempo(AMPS)?po-poans--
ItpowaspodeployedpoinpoNorthpoAmericapoinpo1993.poAMPSpousedpoanalogposignalspotopoc
onnectpotopocellpotowers,pousingpoFDMApoforpochannelpoassignment.poAMPSposucceeded
powherepopreviouspoattemptspotopocreatepoapocommercialpocellularposervicepofailedpobeca
usepoofpoitspoabilitypotoporeusepofrequenciespo(FDMA)poandpotopohandpooffpocallspobetwee
npocellspoinpoaporelativelyposeamlesspowaypothatpodidponotpoinvolvepothepouser.

WhatpoispothepoDigitalpoAdvancedpoMobilepoPhonepoSystempo(D-AMPS)?po-poans--
2GpocellularpophonespoandponetworkspousedpoTDMA,powhichpogreatlypoimprovedpobandw
idthpoefficiencypoandposubscriberpocapacity.poUnlikepoAMPS,powhichpowaspoessentiallypot
heposamepowywherepoitpowaspodeployed,potwopodistinctposystemspoemergedpoforpoD-
AMPSpowhichpowerepoGSMpoandpoCDMA.

, WhatpoispothepoGlobalpoSystempoforpoMobilepo(GSM)?po-poans--
ThepousepoofpoGSMpowaspomandatedpothroughoutpoEuropepotopoensurepocontinent-
widepocompatibilitypobetweenpocountries.

WhatpoispothepoShortpoMessagepoServicepo(SMS)?po-poans--
Itpowaspointroducedpotopothepoworldpoaspotexting.poSMSpodidponotposeempolikepoapocompel
lingpofeature.poButpoitspousepoexplodedpowithpoteenspoandpoyoungpoadultspotopothepopointp
owherepomanypousedpotheirpophonespoonlypoforpotexting.


WhatpoispothepoSubscriberpoIdentitypoModulepo(SIM)pocard?po-poans--
Itpoispoaposmall,podetachableposmartpocardpothatpofitspointopoapostandardizedpocardposlotpo
onpothepophone.poItpocontainspoallpotheposubscriber'spoinformation,poaspowellpoaspotheirpoc
ontactspolist.poNotpoonlypodidpoSIMpocardspohelppotopoaddresspothepo1Gposystem'spoclonin
gpovulnerability,potheypoalsopoallowedpouserspotoposwitchpophonespowithoutpocarrierpoinvol
vement.poThispoledpotopothepoemergencepoofpothird-
partypophoneporetailerspowhopocouldpo(andpodid)posellpophonespodirectlypotopoconsumers.

WhatpoispothepoGeneralpoPacketpoRadiopoServicepo(GPRS)?po-poans--
Itpowaspothepofirstpopacket-
switchingpotechnologypomethodpothatpoallowedpodataposharingpooverpomobileponetworks.p
oStillpoconsideredpoapo2Gpotechnologypobutpooftenpocalledpo2G+poorpo2.5G,poGPRSpoallo
wedpoaccesspotoposomepowebsites—
poalthoughpodataporatespoprovedpotopobepotooposlowpoforpowhatpowaspobecomingpoapogrow
ingponeedpoandpoexpectation.

WhatpoispoEDGE?po-poans--
ItpowaspoanpoAT&Tporolledpooutposervicepoinpo2003,poandpowhichpootherpocarrierspoquickly
pooffered,porepresentedpoanpoenhancementpooverpoGPRS.poItpoofferedpohighpodataporates
pothroughpobetterpodatapoencodingpoandpo(atpothatpotime)poviablepodatapoaccesspotopoman
ypowebsites.

Whatpoaboutpo3G?po-poans--
Thepomostponoticeablepoimprovementpoinpo3Gpowaspoitspohigh-
speedpodataporates.poOnepoenhancementpotopo3GpowaspoapomobilepoprotocolpocalledpoHi
ghpoSpeedpoDownlinkpoPacketpoAccesspo(HSDPA)powhichpoimprovedpodataporatepotopoan
poimpressivepo14poMbps.


Whatpoispo4G?po-poans--4Gpoispoanpoall-IPponetwork,poallowingpothepousepoofpoultra-
broadbandpoandpothepopromisepoofpo1poGbpspodataporates.poAtpothatpothroughputpolevel,p
ovoicepocommunicationspocanpobepoconvertedpotopoVoicepooverpoIPpo(VoIP)powithpohighpo
quality,pohigh-
definitionpoTVpocanpobepostreamedpotopomobilepodevices,poandpoapohostpoofpolivepointerac
tivepogamingpoapplicationspocanpobepoenjoyed.