ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE

ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE




Lessonop1:opFoundationsoptoopSetoptheopStageop-opans--

FocusingoponopCellularopStructureopandopFunctionop-opans--

TheopNormalopCellopCycleop-opans---
TheopcellopcycleoprefersoptooptheoporderedopseresopofopprocessesopofopDNAopreplicationop
andopmitosis,oporopcellopdivision

-
Cellopnucleusopregulatesoptheseopprocessesopbyopgatheringopandopprocessingopcomplexe
sopmolecularopinformation

InterphaseopandopMitoticopPhaseop-opans--
Cellopdivisionopproducesoptwoopidenticalopcellsopthroughoptheseoptwoopmajoropphases

Duringopinterphase:op-opans--
CellopgrowsopandopDNAopisopreplicatedopthroughoptheopfollowingopthreeopsteps:

1:opFirstopgrowthopphaseop(G1oporopfirstopgap)

2:opSynthesisopphaseop(Sopphase)

3:MitoticopPhseop(Mopphase)

FirstopGrowthopPhaseop(G1oporopfirstopgap)op-opans---cellsopincreaseopinopsize

-reproduceopRNA

-"qualityopassurance"optestopthatoptheopcellopwillopbeopreadyoptoopsynthesisopDNA

-Lengthopofoptimeopisopvariable,opcanopbeopfromophoursoptoopdays

SynthesisopPhaseop(Sopphase)op-opans---DNAopreplicates

,-ResultsopinoptheopformationopofopidenticaloppairsopofopDNAop(chromatids)

-whichopareopattachedopaoptoptheopcentromere

-lastsop2-10ophours

MitoticopPhaseop(Mopphase)op-opans---
Replicatedopchromosomesopareopaligned,opseparated,opandopmoveopintoop2opnew,opidenti
calopdaughteropcells

-takesopaboutop30-60opminutes

Majoroppointsopofopcellopregulationopareopentryopandopexitopfromop-opans---G1opcheckpoint

-SopPhase

-G2opcheckpoint

-Mopphase

RestrictionopPointop-opans---
Theoptransitionopfromoptheoprestingopphaseopintoopanopactivelyopdividingopphaseop(G0-
G1)opisopaoppointopwhereopcellularoptransformationopcanopoccurop

-
Duringopthisoptime,opcellsoppassopthroughopaoptransitionopphaseopknownopasopaoprestrictio
noppoint

-
ExtracellularopgrowthopfactorsoptriggeropreentryopintoopG1,opandopGFopareoprequiredoptoop
sendoptheopcellsoppastoptheoprestrictionoppoint,oporoptheoppointopofopnoopreturn

G0opPhaseop(restingopphase)op-opans---
Afteropmitosis,opcellsopmayopenteropbackopintooptheopG1opphaseoporopgoopintoopaoprestingo
pphase,opknownopasopG0


-MostopcellsopinoptheophumanopbodyopresideopinopG0

-Exceptionsoptoopthisopareopthoseopthatopareop(RestingopinopG0opphase)op-opans---
Exceptionsoptoopthisopareopthoseopthatopareopmetabollicallyopactive,opsuchopasop

-granulocytesop

-andoptheopepitheliumopofoptheopGIoptract

CellopCyclingopTimeop-opans--Amountopofoptimeopfromopmitosisoptoopmitosis

, Cellopcycleopvideoopandopimageop-opans--http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/
0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html

CheckoppointsopinoptheopCellopCycle:opKeepingopitopAllopUnderopControlop-opans---
Theopcellopcycleopisopcarefullyopcontrolledopthroughopaopseriesopofopcheckpoints

-
Variationopinopduplicationoporopdistributionopofopchromosomesopduringopcellopdivisionopcan
opalteroptheopgeneticopinformationoppassedoponoptoopdaughteropcells,opleadingoptoopcellula
ropdysfunctionopandopdisease,opsuchopasopcancer

-
TheseopcheckpointsopmonitoropforopDNAopintegrityopandopcontrolopprogressionopthroughop
mitosis

Progressionopthroughoptheopcellopcycleopisopcontrolledopthroughoptwoopproteins:op-opans--
1.opcyclinesop(D,opE,opA,opB)

2.opCyclin-dependentopkinasesop(CDKs)

-Cyclin-
CDKopcomplexopallowsoptheopcelloptoopprogressopthroughopeachopphaseopofoptheopcellopcy
cle

LocationsopofopproteinsopCyclinsop(D,opE,opA,opB)opandopCDKsop-opans---(G0-
G1)op:opCyclinopDopandopCDKop4/6

-EarlyopS:opCyclinopEopandopCDKop1/2

-LateopS:opCyclinopAopandopCDKop1/2

-G2:opCDKop1/2opandopcyclinopA

-BeforeopM:opCDKop1opandopCyclinopB

Inhibitoryopproteinsop-opans---
preventopprogressionopofoptheopcycleopwhenopDNAopdamageopisopdetected

-Anopexampleopofopanopinhibitoryopproteinopisopp53op(AKAopTP53)

DNAopDamageopCheckpointsop-opans---
IfopDNAopdamageopisoppresent,opcellsopareopprogrammedoptoopstopopdividingoporopunderg
oopapoptosisop(programmedopcellopdeath)