Annotated Bibliography Review Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version Fully Solved

PSY 560 Exam 2 Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version (Already Passed) social facilitation - Answers Arousal enhances dominant response tendency If task easy/well rehearsed = presence of others increases performance If task hard/unfamiliar = presence of others decreases performance Crowding: The Presence of Many Others - Answers Effects of other's presence increases in larger groups Physiological arousal heightens emotional reactions (if with people we like, we like them more/dislike = like them less) Why we're aroused in presence of others - Answers 1.)Evaluation apprehension 2.) cognitive distractions 3.) mere presence evaluation apprehension - Answers concern for how others are evaluating us Blindfolded observers do not affect participant's performance driven by distraction - Answers Paying attention to task & to audience creates a cognitive overload which produces arousal The mere presence of others - Answers Other's presence is energizing even when there is no right answer to be evaluated on .people express stronger opinions if others are present social loafing - Answers Tendency to exert less effort when pooling efforts common goal than when alone/personally accountable People don't think they're being evaluated as an individual and evaluation apprehension decreases How to reduce social loafing - Answers Make task challenging Make everyone feel necessary for success Make task appealing Make task evolving (more focus to task) Involve friends (expect to see them again) Deindividuation - Answers Loss of self-awareness/eval apprehension in group situations that foster anonymity Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone - Answers Can lead people to do things they would not do alone Leads to loss of inhibition(screaming/cheering), impulsive gratification (vandalism), and riots group size - Answers One hides in the crowd, becomes incognito physical anonymity - Answers Individual obscured by mask, uniforms, or similarity of appearance decreases self-awareness Arousing and distracting activities - Answers reduces self-consciousness (clapping, singing, chanting) Diminished Self-Awareness - Answers Leads to loss of self control/independence, inconsistency between words and speech, and likely to transgress group polarization - Answers Group produced enhancement of pre-existing tendencies (echo chambers) informational influence - Answers Informational pooling (gaining ideas) Active participation in discussion strengthens opinions via rehearsal normative influence - Answers Initially unsure if others share our view and once ice is broken consensus effect takes over Groupthink Symptoms - Answers illusion of invulnerability, rationalization, unquestioned moral belief, stereotyping, pressure to conform, self censorship, illusion of unanimity, and mind guards Critiquing concept of Groupthink - Answers Hindsight bias involved Still just theoretical There are real world examples of good leaders who have welcomed other's ideas Preventing Groupthink - Answers -Be impartial -assign devils advocate -subdivide and reunite to discuss -welcome outside expert critiques -call second-chance meeting to air any doubts/grievances before making decision The influence of the minority - Answers Consistency: minority that sticks to position more influential than one who wavers Self confidence: raises self-doubt in majority Defections from Majority: once self doubt established may feel better about defecting, defectors more persuasive Leadership as minority influence - Answers Minorities more likely than majorities to convert us to accepting their view What is a group? - Answers 2 or more people who influence each other Prejudice - Answers A preconceived negative attitude towards a group or its individual members Stereotypes - Answers A generalized belief about the personal attributes of a group of people Lead to loss of information Discrimination - Answers Unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its member racial prejudice - Answers Micro-aggressions subtle form of racial prejudice Being patronizing to minority groups Implicit racial prejudice exists It may have somewhat improved but it still exists and is a problem today gender prejudice - Answers Strong stereotypes still exist and members of targeted group accept them Gender stereotypes somewhat true: persisted across time and culture social sources of prejudice - Answers 1. social inequalities 2. Authoritarian personality 3. Religion and prejudice 4. Conformity 5. Institutional supports Social Inequalities and Prejudice - Answers unequal status breeds prejudice View people in hierarchies and embrace policies that maintain those hierarchies Authoritative personality and prejudice - Answers Prone to prejudice; intolerance for weakness, punitive attitudes, value obedience, different=bad Religion and Prejudice - Answers Many use religion to justify status quo and continue prejudice/discrimination Fundamentalism leads to more prejudice Faithful and intrinsically religious people are less prejudice Subtle and Overt Prejudice - Answers Subtle often appears through preferences for what is familiar, similar, and comfortable Subtle is indirect and hard to identify Overt is blatant and openly expressed conformity and prejudice - Answers Prejudice stemming from need to be accepted and feeling belonging Often easier to go along with majority than to resist Some prejudicial people are responding to situational demands Institutional supports and prejudice - Answers Social institutions increase prejudice via policies of segregation and reinforcing status quo Motivational sources of prejudice - Answers 1.) frustration and aggression (scapegoat) 2.) social identity theory 3.) in group bias 4.) need for status/belonging scapegoat theory - Answers When sources of frustration is intimidating or unknown, we project our frustrations onto a convenient target (displaced aggression) Frustration feeds hostility social identity theory - Answers We categorize, we identify, we compare Feels good to have sense of we-ness, having pride Being part of tightly knit group validates who one is ingroup bias - Answers the tendency to favor our own group Smaller group= more ingroup bias Can cause us to take pride in ingroup and dislike outgroup