DHN 311 Final Exam New Material
with Complete Solution
What is the issue with dietary cholesterol? - Answer-the issue starts when the body's
ability to maintain cholesterol homeostasis is impaired
Saturated fatty acids lead to what type of inflammation? - Answer-adipose tissue
How do saturated fatty acids indirectly lead to adipose tissue inflammation? - Answer-by
increasing the expression of a number of inflammatory genes in adipocytes
How do saturated fatty acids directly lead to adipose tissue inflammation? - Answer-by
stimulating inflammatory molecules in macrophages
The ability of saturated fats to stimulate inflammation is _______ specific - Answer-fatty
acid
_____ does NOT activate inflammatory genes in adipocytes - Answer-sterate
Which 3 fatty acids do activate inflammatory genes in adipocytes? - Answer-1. palmitate
2. laurate
3. myristate
insulin is a ___ hormone - Answer-storage
insulin is secreted by ___ cells in the ____ - Answer-beta, pancreas
insulin is secrete din response to? - Answer-blood sugar levels
under conditions of insulin sensitivity, insulin will suppress the activity of .... - Answer-
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
what happens when HSL is suppressed by insulin? - Answer-lipolysis is reduced and
the concentration of free fatty acids is also reduced
insulin resistance is the ___ ability of target tissues to respond properly to elevated
concentrations of insulin - Answer-decreased
what is insulin resistance characterized by? - Answer-1. uncontrolled hepatic glucose
production
, 2. decreased glucose uptake
hepatic glucose production happen by two ways - Answer-1. glycogen breakdown
2. gluconeogenesis
____ is the most common cause for insulin resistance - Answer-obesity
most obese people with insulin resistance do not become ____ - Answer-diabetic
how do non-diabetic obese people compensate? - Answer-with high levels of insulin
insulin is __-__ times higher in obese vs lean people - Answer-2-3 times
what happens when insulin binds to its receptors? - Answer-it results in the stimulation
of a cascade of cell-signaling that includes the phosphorylation of insulin receptor
residues
insulin promotes the recruitment of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter ____ to the cel
surface - Answer-glut 4
what happens to GLUT 4 when insulin levels drop off - Answer-glut 4 is then recycled
back to the cytoplasm
most GLUT transporters work ____ of insulin - Answer-independently
which GLUT has the lowest Km? - Answer-glut 4
which GLUT transporter is most important for whole body glucose homeostasis? -
Answer-GLUT 4
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ lipolysis - Answer-decrease
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ glucose production - Answer-decrwase
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ glucose uptake - Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ lipolysis - Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ glucose production -
Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ glucose uptake - Answer-
decrease
what is the biggest cause of beta cells becoming dysfunctional? - Answer-lipotoxicity
and glucotoxicity
with Complete Solution
What is the issue with dietary cholesterol? - Answer-the issue starts when the body's
ability to maintain cholesterol homeostasis is impaired
Saturated fatty acids lead to what type of inflammation? - Answer-adipose tissue
How do saturated fatty acids indirectly lead to adipose tissue inflammation? - Answer-by
increasing the expression of a number of inflammatory genes in adipocytes
How do saturated fatty acids directly lead to adipose tissue inflammation? - Answer-by
stimulating inflammatory molecules in macrophages
The ability of saturated fats to stimulate inflammation is _______ specific - Answer-fatty
acid
_____ does NOT activate inflammatory genes in adipocytes - Answer-sterate
Which 3 fatty acids do activate inflammatory genes in adipocytes? - Answer-1. palmitate
2. laurate
3. myristate
insulin is a ___ hormone - Answer-storage
insulin is secreted by ___ cells in the ____ - Answer-beta, pancreas
insulin is secrete din response to? - Answer-blood sugar levels
under conditions of insulin sensitivity, insulin will suppress the activity of .... - Answer-
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
what happens when HSL is suppressed by insulin? - Answer-lipolysis is reduced and
the concentration of free fatty acids is also reduced
insulin resistance is the ___ ability of target tissues to respond properly to elevated
concentrations of insulin - Answer-decreased
what is insulin resistance characterized by? - Answer-1. uncontrolled hepatic glucose
production
, 2. decreased glucose uptake
hepatic glucose production happen by two ways - Answer-1. glycogen breakdown
2. gluconeogenesis
____ is the most common cause for insulin resistance - Answer-obesity
most obese people with insulin resistance do not become ____ - Answer-diabetic
how do non-diabetic obese people compensate? - Answer-with high levels of insulin
insulin is __-__ times higher in obese vs lean people - Answer-2-3 times
what happens when insulin binds to its receptors? - Answer-it results in the stimulation
of a cascade of cell-signaling that includes the phosphorylation of insulin receptor
residues
insulin promotes the recruitment of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter ____ to the cel
surface - Answer-glut 4
what happens to GLUT 4 when insulin levels drop off - Answer-glut 4 is then recycled
back to the cytoplasm
most GLUT transporters work ____ of insulin - Answer-independently
which GLUT has the lowest Km? - Answer-glut 4
which GLUT transporter is most important for whole body glucose homeostasis? -
Answer-GLUT 4
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ lipolysis - Answer-decrease
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ glucose production - Answer-decrwase
under normal conditions, insulin would ____ glucose uptake - Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ lipolysis - Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ glucose production -
Answer-increase
under obese/insulin resistant conditions, insulin would ____ glucose uptake - Answer-
decrease
what is the biggest cause of beta cells becoming dysfunctional? - Answer-lipotoxicity
and glucotoxicity
