exam 2 bio 1013 brcc
1. energy: The capacity to do work. Cellular work includes processes such as
building complex molecules and moving substances into and out of the cell.
2. biofuels: renewable fuels made from living organisms
3. fossil fuels: Carbon-rich energy sources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and
coal, which are formed from the compressed, fossilized remains of once-living
organisms.
4. chemical energy: potential energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold
chemical compounds together
5. conservation of energy: The principle that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another.
6. potential energy: stored energy
7. kinetic energy: energy due to motion
8. heat: The kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or
atoms.
9. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and algae harness the energy
of sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
10. autotrophs: Organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can
make their own food from inorganic starting materials (e.g., CO2).
11. heterotrophs: Organisms, such as humans and other animals, that obtain
energy by consuming organic molecules that were produced by other
organisms.
12. Chloroplast: The organelle in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis
occurs.
13. light energy: a type of electromagnetic radiation that includes visible light
14. photons: Packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity
of energy.
15. chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs
photons of light energy during the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis.
16. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The molecule in cells that powers energy-
requiring functions.
17. carbon fixation: The conversion of inorganic carbon (e.g., CO2) into organic
forms (e.g., sugars like glucose, C6H12O6.
18. Body Mass Index (BMI): an estimate of body fat based on height and weight
19. overweight: having a bmi of 25 or more but less than 30
20. obese: Having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as
measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.
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, .
21. calorie: A calorie (spelled with a lower-case "c") is the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
22. neat: Non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the amount of energy expended in
everyday activities.
23 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The molecule that cells use to power energy-
requiring functions.
24. aerobic respiration: A series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen
and converts energy stored in food into ATP.
25. glycolysis: A series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units;
glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first stage of both aerobic
respiration and fermentation.
26. citric acid cycle: A set of reactions that takes place in mitochondria and helps
extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food; the second
stage of aerobic respiration.
27. NAD+: An electron carrier. NAD+ can accept electrons, becoming NADH in the
process.
28. electron transport chain: The transfer of electrons that takes place in
mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; the third
stage of aerobic respiration.
29. fermentation: A series of chemical reactions beginning with glycolysis and
taking place in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation produces far less ATP than
does aerobic respiration.
30. glycogen: A complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose
molecules, that stores energy for short-term use.
31. Triglycerides: A type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for
long-term use.
32. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the molecule of heredity, common to all life
forms, passed from parents to offspring
33. chromosome: A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.
Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
34. Nucleotide: The building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar,
a phosphate group, and a base. The sequence of nucleotides (As, Cs, Gs, Ts)
along a DNA strand is unique to each person.
35. double helix: The spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides
held together by hydrogen bonds.
36. dna profile: A visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence.
37. dna replication: The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of
a DNA molecule.
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1. energy: The capacity to do work. Cellular work includes processes such as
building complex molecules and moving substances into and out of the cell.
2. biofuels: renewable fuels made from living organisms
3. fossil fuels: Carbon-rich energy sources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and
coal, which are formed from the compressed, fossilized remains of once-living
organisms.
4. chemical energy: potential energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold
chemical compounds together
5. conservation of energy: The principle that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another.
6. potential energy: stored energy
7. kinetic energy: energy due to motion
8. heat: The kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or
atoms.
9. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and algae harness the energy
of sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
10. autotrophs: Organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can
make their own food from inorganic starting materials (e.g., CO2).
11. heterotrophs: Organisms, such as humans and other animals, that obtain
energy by consuming organic molecules that were produced by other
organisms.
12. Chloroplast: The organelle in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis
occurs.
13. light energy: a type of electromagnetic radiation that includes visible light
14. photons: Packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity
of energy.
15. chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs
photons of light energy during the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis.
16. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The molecule in cells that powers energy-
requiring functions.
17. carbon fixation: The conversion of inorganic carbon (e.g., CO2) into organic
forms (e.g., sugars like glucose, C6H12O6.
18. Body Mass Index (BMI): an estimate of body fat based on height and weight
19. overweight: having a bmi of 25 or more but less than 30
20. obese: Having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as
measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.
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, .
21. calorie: A calorie (spelled with a lower-case "c") is the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
22. neat: Non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the amount of energy expended in
everyday activities.
23 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The molecule that cells use to power energy-
requiring functions.
24. aerobic respiration: A series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen
and converts energy stored in food into ATP.
25. glycolysis: A series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units;
glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first stage of both aerobic
respiration and fermentation.
26. citric acid cycle: A set of reactions that takes place in mitochondria and helps
extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food; the second
stage of aerobic respiration.
27. NAD+: An electron carrier. NAD+ can accept electrons, becoming NADH in the
process.
28. electron transport chain: The transfer of electrons that takes place in
mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; the third
stage of aerobic respiration.
29. fermentation: A series of chemical reactions beginning with glycolysis and
taking place in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation produces far less ATP than
does aerobic respiration.
30. glycogen: A complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose
molecules, that stores energy for short-term use.
31. Triglycerides: A type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for
long-term use.
32. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the molecule of heredity, common to all life
forms, passed from parents to offspring
33. chromosome: A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.
Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
34. Nucleotide: The building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar,
a phosphate group, and a base. The sequence of nucleotides (As, Cs, Gs, Ts)
along a DNA strand is unique to each person.
35. double helix: The spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides
held together by hydrogen bonds.
36. dna profile: A visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence.
37. dna replication: The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of
a DNA molecule.
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