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AHN 447 Exam 3 Questions With Verified
Answers
What MAP is required for adequate flow? - Answers✔at least 60 mmHg
What do baroreceptors do? - Answers✔they're stimulated with elevated BP; drop BP
What do chemoreceptors do? - Answers✔sensitive to hypoxia; increases vasoconstriction to
increase perfusion
What happens to the heart as one ages? - Answers✔- valves thicken adn stiffen
- coronary arteries become harder and thicker
What happens to the blood vessels as one ages? - Answers✔- thicken/stiffen
- slow exchange of nutrients from blood and tissues
What happens to the blood as one ages? - Answers✔- blood volume increases
- decrease in bone marrow production of RBC (decrease in H&H)
What is considered orthostatic hypotension? - Answers✔systolic drop of 20 mmHg or diastolic
drom of 10 mmHg with 10-20% increase in HR
What is the difference between S1 and S2? - Answers✔S1
- closure of AV valves
- best heard at the apex
- ventricular systole
S2
- closure of PV/AV
- best heard at the base
- diastole
What is the difference between S3 and S4? - Answers✔S3
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- faily normal under 35
- ventricular gallop
- early sign on HF
S4
- atrial gallop
- HTN, MI, Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
turbulent blood flow across the valves - Answers✔
What is the "gold standard" fro diagnostics of cardiac damage and why? - Answers✔Troponin 1;
released with any myocardial damage; any troponin is abnormal and should be treated as a
cardiac event
Why is CK-mb not reliable for diagnosing cardiac issues? - Answers✔can give a false positive
because it can be found in multiple places
What are normal total cholesterol levels? - Answers✔less than 200
What are normal HDL levels? - Answers✔greater than 45 in men and greater than 55 in women
What are normal LDL levels? - Answers✔less than 130
What are normal Triglyceride levels? - Answers✔less than 160 in men and less than 135 in
women
What should you inform your pt about before a heart cath? - Answers✔may have palpitations;
may feel hot
What are the two types of left-sided heart failure? - Answers✔systolic HF and diastolic HF
loss of ability to contract forcefully - Answers✔systolic heart failure
loss of ventricular wall compliance; cant' adequately fill - Answers✔diastolic heart failure
RV doesn't empty completely and "backs up" into venous system causing peripheral edema -
Answers✔right-sided heart failure
What are the clinical manifestations of left-sisded HF? - Answers✔Manifestations of pulmonary
congestions:
- cough, worse at night (ask how many pillows they sleep with)
- dyspnea
- crackles and wheezing
- frothy, pink sputum (pulmonary edema)
, ©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- tachypnea
What are the clinical manifestations of right-sisded HF? - Answers✔Manifestations of systemic
congestions:
- JVD
- enlarged liver/spleen
- depended edema
- weight gain (need to do daily weights)
- distended abdomen
- swollen hands/fingers
- polyuria
What does it mean when BNP is elevated? When is it released? - Answers✔elevated BNP is
indicative of HF and can mean fluid overload; BNP is released when the cardiac muscle stretches
What are some interventions that can be done to treat dyspnea? - Answers✔- high fowlers to get
pressure off of the heart
- pillows under arms to get edema back to the heart
- reposition every 2 hours
- coughing/deep breathing exercises
IS to avoid atelectasis
What pharmacological interventions can be used to increase perfusion in HF and how? -
Answers✔ACEI's and ARB's reduce afterload by suppression of the renin-angiotensin system
What do you monitor/teach pts about regarding side effects of ACEI? - Answers✔- nagging
cough
- hyperkalemia
- angiedema
What nutritional and pharmacological interventions are used to reduce preload in HF? -
Answers✔- sodium/fluid restriction
- daily weights
- diuretics (loop and thiazide)
- morphine sulfate
- venous vasodilators (nitrates)
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
AHN 447 Exam 3 Questions With Verified
Answers
What MAP is required for adequate flow? - Answers✔at least 60 mmHg
What do baroreceptors do? - Answers✔they're stimulated with elevated BP; drop BP
What do chemoreceptors do? - Answers✔sensitive to hypoxia; increases vasoconstriction to
increase perfusion
What happens to the heart as one ages? - Answers✔- valves thicken adn stiffen
- coronary arteries become harder and thicker
What happens to the blood vessels as one ages? - Answers✔- thicken/stiffen
- slow exchange of nutrients from blood and tissues
What happens to the blood as one ages? - Answers✔- blood volume increases
- decrease in bone marrow production of RBC (decrease in H&H)
What is considered orthostatic hypotension? - Answers✔systolic drop of 20 mmHg or diastolic
drom of 10 mmHg with 10-20% increase in HR
What is the difference between S1 and S2? - Answers✔S1
- closure of AV valves
- best heard at the apex
- ventricular systole
S2
- closure of PV/AV
- best heard at the base
- diastole
What is the difference between S3 and S4? - Answers✔S3
, ©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- faily normal under 35
- ventricular gallop
- early sign on HF
S4
- atrial gallop
- HTN, MI, Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
turbulent blood flow across the valves - Answers✔
What is the "gold standard" fro diagnostics of cardiac damage and why? - Answers✔Troponin 1;
released with any myocardial damage; any troponin is abnormal and should be treated as a
cardiac event
Why is CK-mb not reliable for diagnosing cardiac issues? - Answers✔can give a false positive
because it can be found in multiple places
What are normal total cholesterol levels? - Answers✔less than 200
What are normal HDL levels? - Answers✔greater than 45 in men and greater than 55 in women
What are normal LDL levels? - Answers✔less than 130
What are normal Triglyceride levels? - Answers✔less than 160 in men and less than 135 in
women
What should you inform your pt about before a heart cath? - Answers✔may have palpitations;
may feel hot
What are the two types of left-sided heart failure? - Answers✔systolic HF and diastolic HF
loss of ability to contract forcefully - Answers✔systolic heart failure
loss of ventricular wall compliance; cant' adequately fill - Answers✔diastolic heart failure
RV doesn't empty completely and "backs up" into venous system causing peripheral edema -
Answers✔right-sided heart failure
What are the clinical manifestations of left-sisded HF? - Answers✔Manifestations of pulmonary
congestions:
- cough, worse at night (ask how many pillows they sleep with)
- dyspnea
- crackles and wheezing
- frothy, pink sputum (pulmonary edema)
, ©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- tachypnea
What are the clinical manifestations of right-sisded HF? - Answers✔Manifestations of systemic
congestions:
- JVD
- enlarged liver/spleen
- depended edema
- weight gain (need to do daily weights)
- distended abdomen
- swollen hands/fingers
- polyuria
What does it mean when BNP is elevated? When is it released? - Answers✔elevated BNP is
indicative of HF and can mean fluid overload; BNP is released when the cardiac muscle stretches
What are some interventions that can be done to treat dyspnea? - Answers✔- high fowlers to get
pressure off of the heart
- pillows under arms to get edema back to the heart
- reposition every 2 hours
- coughing/deep breathing exercises
IS to avoid atelectasis
What pharmacological interventions can be used to increase perfusion in HF and how? -
Answers✔ACEI's and ARB's reduce afterload by suppression of the renin-angiotensin system
What do you monitor/teach pts about regarding side effects of ACEI? - Answers✔- nagging
cough
- hyperkalemia
- angiedema
What nutritional and pharmacological interventions are used to reduce preload in HF? -
Answers✔- sodium/fluid restriction
- daily weights
- diuretics (loop and thiazide)
- morphine sulfate
- venous vasodilators (nitrates)
