BIOL 225 Final Exam Questions With
Complete Verified Solutions.
Describe the structure and function of the human male reproductive systems. - Answer - Seminiferous
tubules: produce/carry semen in testes
- Primary spermatocyte: spermatogonium increased in size undergoes first meiotic division to become
two secondary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocyte: enters second meiotic division without resting period; 4 spermatids
- Epididymis: sperm maturation/motility
- Vas deferens: pair of tubules which join epididymis to urethra to transport sperm
- Seminal vesicles: add fructose to sperm (semen)
- Prostate gland: surrounds urethra, valve shuts off urine, mat'l to semen
- Bulbourethral glands: add alkaline mucus to lubricate urethra
Describe the structure and function of the human female reproductive systems. - Answer - Follicle:
group of cells that surrounds egg before its release from ovary
- Oogonium: ovum in primary follice immediately before beginning of maturation
- Primary oocyte: oogonium increased in size; unequal meiotic division into secondary oocyte and first
polar body
- Secondary oocyte: large and receives most of cytoplasm
- First polar body: very small; receives half go chromosomes like secondary oocyte
- Ootid: larger of two cells when secondary oocyte divides unequally
- Ovum: mature female reproductive cell
- Corpus luteum: secretes progrestreone and estrogen
Spermatogenesis - Answer - Spermatogonium (diploid)
- Primary spermatocyte (diploid)
- Meiosis I
- Secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
- Meiosis II
,- Spermatids (haploid)
- Spermatozoa
Oogenesis - Answer - Oogonium (diploid)
- Primary oocyte (diploid)
- Meiosis I // Secondary oocyte (haploid)
- First polar body // Ootid (haploid)
- Meiosis II
- Ovum
Where does fertilization and implantation occur in humans? - Answer - Fertilization: ampullae of
uterine tube
- Implantation: uterus
Outline the hormonal control of female menstrual cycle; explain how pregnancy changes this pattern
(i.e. you should be able to explain the graphs associated with the menstrual cycle (hormones, what's
happening in the ovary and uterus) as well as the graph associated with the scenario when the
secondary oocyte is fertilized (hormones and where they come from and what they do). - Answer
What are good and bad things that can cross the placenta? - Answer - Baby => Mom: wastes (CO2,
urinary waste)
- Mom => Baby: O2, nutrients; drugs, alcohol, viruses
List characteristics of Amphibians. - Answer - Ectotherms
- Tetrapods (most)
- Double circulatory system
- Dependent upon water or moist environment (skin permeable to water in all life stages)
- External fertilization or pick up spermatophore
- Urea
, Know the 3 orders of amphibians and their salient features. - Answer - Caecilians — limbless,
burrowing, internal fertilization
- Salamanders — tailed; external fertilization
- Frogs and Toads — without tail; external fetilization
List characteristics of the Class Reptilia. - Answer - Tough, dry, scaly skin (keratin), impermeable to
water
- Amniotic egg (laid on land) — extra embryonic membranes
- Internal fertilization
- Uric acid
What are the four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg?
What is the function of each membrane? - Answer - Amnion: protects the embryo in a sac filled with
amniotic fluid
- Yolk sac: contains yolk, the sole source of food until hatching
- Chorion: lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in the
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the embryo and the outside air
- Allantois: stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the embryo and, as it grows larger, also
participates in gas exchange
Classify reptiles to order. - Answer Turtles
- Shell — carapace with backbone, plastron
- Protection
- Oviparous
- Size
Snakes and Lizards
- Lizards — eyelids, external ear, regenerate tail
- Jacobson's organ — smell
What are the main features of reptilian skin?
Complete Verified Solutions.
Describe the structure and function of the human male reproductive systems. - Answer - Seminiferous
tubules: produce/carry semen in testes
- Primary spermatocyte: spermatogonium increased in size undergoes first meiotic division to become
two secondary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocyte: enters second meiotic division without resting period; 4 spermatids
- Epididymis: sperm maturation/motility
- Vas deferens: pair of tubules which join epididymis to urethra to transport sperm
- Seminal vesicles: add fructose to sperm (semen)
- Prostate gland: surrounds urethra, valve shuts off urine, mat'l to semen
- Bulbourethral glands: add alkaline mucus to lubricate urethra
Describe the structure and function of the human female reproductive systems. - Answer - Follicle:
group of cells that surrounds egg before its release from ovary
- Oogonium: ovum in primary follice immediately before beginning of maturation
- Primary oocyte: oogonium increased in size; unequal meiotic division into secondary oocyte and first
polar body
- Secondary oocyte: large and receives most of cytoplasm
- First polar body: very small; receives half go chromosomes like secondary oocyte
- Ootid: larger of two cells when secondary oocyte divides unequally
- Ovum: mature female reproductive cell
- Corpus luteum: secretes progrestreone and estrogen
Spermatogenesis - Answer - Spermatogonium (diploid)
- Primary spermatocyte (diploid)
- Meiosis I
- Secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
- Meiosis II
,- Spermatids (haploid)
- Spermatozoa
Oogenesis - Answer - Oogonium (diploid)
- Primary oocyte (diploid)
- Meiosis I // Secondary oocyte (haploid)
- First polar body // Ootid (haploid)
- Meiosis II
- Ovum
Where does fertilization and implantation occur in humans? - Answer - Fertilization: ampullae of
uterine tube
- Implantation: uterus
Outline the hormonal control of female menstrual cycle; explain how pregnancy changes this pattern
(i.e. you should be able to explain the graphs associated with the menstrual cycle (hormones, what's
happening in the ovary and uterus) as well as the graph associated with the scenario when the
secondary oocyte is fertilized (hormones and where they come from and what they do). - Answer
What are good and bad things that can cross the placenta? - Answer - Baby => Mom: wastes (CO2,
urinary waste)
- Mom => Baby: O2, nutrients; drugs, alcohol, viruses
List characteristics of Amphibians. - Answer - Ectotherms
- Tetrapods (most)
- Double circulatory system
- Dependent upon water or moist environment (skin permeable to water in all life stages)
- External fertilization or pick up spermatophore
- Urea
, Know the 3 orders of amphibians and their salient features. - Answer - Caecilians — limbless,
burrowing, internal fertilization
- Salamanders — tailed; external fertilization
- Frogs and Toads — without tail; external fetilization
List characteristics of the Class Reptilia. - Answer - Tough, dry, scaly skin (keratin), impermeable to
water
- Amniotic egg (laid on land) — extra embryonic membranes
- Internal fertilization
- Uric acid
What are the four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg?
What is the function of each membrane? - Answer - Amnion: protects the embryo in a sac filled with
amniotic fluid
- Yolk sac: contains yolk, the sole source of food until hatching
- Chorion: lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in the
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the embryo and the outside air
- Allantois: stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the embryo and, as it grows larger, also
participates in gas exchange
Classify reptiles to order. - Answer Turtles
- Shell — carapace with backbone, plastron
- Protection
- Oviparous
- Size
Snakes and Lizards
- Lizards — eyelids, external ear, regenerate tail
- Jacobson's organ — smell
What are the main features of reptilian skin?
