Ch.14: Principles of Disease &
Epidemiology// BIO 225 Exam 3 Study
Guide And Actual Answers.
Define: Pathology - Answer the scientific study of disease, the etiology (cause), pathogenesis
(development) and effects of disease.
Define: Etiology - Answer cause of a disease
Define: Pathogenesis - Answer the manner of development of a disease
Define: Infection - Answer the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body
Define: Disease - Answer an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or
is incapable to performing normal functions (loss of homeostasis)
Describe: the concept of normal flora - Answer microorganisms that establish permanent colonies
inside or on the body without producing disease make up the normal microbiota.
Describe: Microbial antagonism - Answer microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or
in the body without producing disease makeup of the normal microbiota
Describe: Symbiosis - Answer the host and normal microbiota existing, living together
List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Commensalism - Answer one organism
benefits and the other is unaffected
List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Mutualism - Answer both organisms benefit
, List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Parasitism - Answer one organism benefits
and one is harmed
Define opportunistic pathogens. - Answer Opportunistic pathogens do not cause disease under normal
conditions but cause disease under special circumstances. In some situations, one microorganism makes
it possible for another to cause a disease or produce more severe symptoms.
List & Describe: Koch's postulates - Answer criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific
diseases.
Requirements: the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen
isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory
animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated laboratory animal
List & Describe: The exceptions to Koch's postulates - Answer Koch's postulates are modified to
establish etiologies of diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria which cannot be grown on artificial
media. Some diseases, such as tetanus, have unequivocal signs and symptoms. Some diseases, such as
pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by a variety of microbes. Some pathogens, such as S.
pyogenes, cause several different diseases. Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease in humans
only.
Define: Diagnosis - Answer A decision made based on the information regarding the patient's history
and the results of the doctor's examination.
Define: Syndrome - Answer a specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific
disease
Define: Communicable disease - Answer transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another
Define: non communicable disease - Answer caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside the
human body and are not transmitted from one host to another
Define: contagious disease - Answer one that is easily spread from one person to another
Epidemiology// BIO 225 Exam 3 Study
Guide And Actual Answers.
Define: Pathology - Answer the scientific study of disease, the etiology (cause), pathogenesis
(development) and effects of disease.
Define: Etiology - Answer cause of a disease
Define: Pathogenesis - Answer the manner of development of a disease
Define: Infection - Answer the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body
Define: Disease - Answer an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or
is incapable to performing normal functions (loss of homeostasis)
Describe: the concept of normal flora - Answer microorganisms that establish permanent colonies
inside or on the body without producing disease make up the normal microbiota.
Describe: Microbial antagonism - Answer microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or
in the body without producing disease makeup of the normal microbiota
Describe: Symbiosis - Answer the host and normal microbiota existing, living together
List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Commensalism - Answer one organism
benefits and the other is unaffected
List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Mutualism - Answer both organisms benefit
, List & describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships: Parasitism - Answer one organism benefits
and one is harmed
Define opportunistic pathogens. - Answer Opportunistic pathogens do not cause disease under normal
conditions but cause disease under special circumstances. In some situations, one microorganism makes
it possible for another to cause a disease or produce more severe symptoms.
List & Describe: Koch's postulates - Answer criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific
diseases.
Requirements: the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen
isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory
animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated laboratory animal
List & Describe: The exceptions to Koch's postulates - Answer Koch's postulates are modified to
establish etiologies of diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria which cannot be grown on artificial
media. Some diseases, such as tetanus, have unequivocal signs and symptoms. Some diseases, such as
pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by a variety of microbes. Some pathogens, such as S.
pyogenes, cause several different diseases. Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease in humans
only.
Define: Diagnosis - Answer A decision made based on the information regarding the patient's history
and the results of the doctor's examination.
Define: Syndrome - Answer a specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific
disease
Define: Communicable disease - Answer transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another
Define: non communicable disease - Answer caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside the
human body and are not transmitted from one host to another
Define: contagious disease - Answer one that is easily spread from one person to another
