Nursing 225 Pathophysiology FINAL
EXAM Questions And Accurate Answers.
strain - Answer a stretching injury to muscle or tendon, treatment includes rest, ice packs, mild
analgesics.
sprain - Answer tearing of ligament, can be complete or incomplete, usually occurs when joint is forced
past it's normal range of motion, can induce significant swelling, bleeding, pain, and dysfunction.
Sprain Healing: - Answer fibroblasts synthesize collagen and new capillaries infiltrates the injured area
to facilitate tissue regeneration.
Sprain Treatment: - Answer RICE, surgical repair if damage is severe (ex. torn ACL).
Grade I Sprain - Answer stretching, small tears
Grade II Sprain - Answer larger, but incomplete tear
Grade III Sprain - Answer complete tear
RICE - Answer rest, ice, compression, elevation
Fractures - Answer disruption in the integrity of a bone.
Fracture Categories - Answer Acute, Stress, Pathological, Compound, and Closed
Acute Trauma Fractures - Answer
Stress Fractures - Answer overuse injuries, results from repetitive wear on a bone, high intensity
activity, results in chronic pain but no obvious deformity, may require MRI for diagnosis.
,Pathological Fracture - Answer fractures in bones weakened by tumor or disease.
Open (Compound) Fracture - Answer when bone fragments protrude through the skin, high risk of
infection, osteomyelitis, delayed union, non-union.
Closed Fracture - Answer fracture contained within the skin
Types of Bone Fractures - Answer transverse, linear, oblique nondisplaced, oblique displaced, spiral,
greenstick, comminuted
Clinical Manifestations of Fractures - Answer pain, deformity, swelling, loss of function.
Diagnosis of Fracture - Answer x-ray
Fracture Treatment - Answer reduction and immobilization
Cast Care - Answer assessment of circulation is priority, elevate extremity, assess skin around cast,
ROM, neurovascular assessment
Neurovascular Assessment - Answer 5 P's, Pain, Parasthesia, Paralysis, Pulse, Pallor, Polar, Pressure
Traction - Answer pulling force applied to affected part using weights. helps maintain alignment,
immobilize, decrease muscle spasms, pressure on joints.
Types of Traction - Answer Skin, Skeletal
Skin Traction - Answer uses boot or sling to pull bones into alignment
, Skeletal Traction - Answer The most effective means of traction, wire, pins, or tongs are drilled into the
bone.
Care of Traction - Answer maintain alignment, skin assessment, pin site care, weights hang freely.
Care of Client in Traction - Answer temperature, ropes hang freely, alignment, circulation check (5 P's),
type & location of fracture, increase fluid intake, overhead trapeze, no weights on bed or floor.
Stages of bone healing - Answer hematoma formation, inflammatory phase, reparative phase,
remodeling phase.
Hematoma Formation - Answer torn blood vessels in periosteum, bone cells at fracture site die.
Inflammatory Phase - Answer neovascularization and fibrosis at site of clot, osteoblasts begin forming
new bone forming a callus.
Reparative Phase - Answer continued formation of callus and cartilage at fracture site.
Remodeling Phase - Answer osteoblasts and osteoclasts continue to reorganize formation of new bone.
Complicaitons of Fracture - Answer hemorrhage, infection/osteomyelitis from open fracture or surgical
repair, venous thromboembolism, compartment syndrome, fat embolism.
Compartment Syndrome - Answer increased pressure within muscle compartment, inelastic fascia is
unable to expand, can impair circulation causing ischemia of muscle and nerves.
Causes of Compartment Syndrome - Answer crash injuries, fractures, tight casts, lying on limb for
prolonged periods
Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome - Answer pain out of proportion to injury, loss of two-point
discrimination, compromise in 6 P's, loss of pulse (may not occur)
EXAM Questions And Accurate Answers.
strain - Answer a stretching injury to muscle or tendon, treatment includes rest, ice packs, mild
analgesics.
sprain - Answer tearing of ligament, can be complete or incomplete, usually occurs when joint is forced
past it's normal range of motion, can induce significant swelling, bleeding, pain, and dysfunction.
Sprain Healing: - Answer fibroblasts synthesize collagen and new capillaries infiltrates the injured area
to facilitate tissue regeneration.
Sprain Treatment: - Answer RICE, surgical repair if damage is severe (ex. torn ACL).
Grade I Sprain - Answer stretching, small tears
Grade II Sprain - Answer larger, but incomplete tear
Grade III Sprain - Answer complete tear
RICE - Answer rest, ice, compression, elevation
Fractures - Answer disruption in the integrity of a bone.
Fracture Categories - Answer Acute, Stress, Pathological, Compound, and Closed
Acute Trauma Fractures - Answer
Stress Fractures - Answer overuse injuries, results from repetitive wear on a bone, high intensity
activity, results in chronic pain but no obvious deformity, may require MRI for diagnosis.
,Pathological Fracture - Answer fractures in bones weakened by tumor or disease.
Open (Compound) Fracture - Answer when bone fragments protrude through the skin, high risk of
infection, osteomyelitis, delayed union, non-union.
Closed Fracture - Answer fracture contained within the skin
Types of Bone Fractures - Answer transverse, linear, oblique nondisplaced, oblique displaced, spiral,
greenstick, comminuted
Clinical Manifestations of Fractures - Answer pain, deformity, swelling, loss of function.
Diagnosis of Fracture - Answer x-ray
Fracture Treatment - Answer reduction and immobilization
Cast Care - Answer assessment of circulation is priority, elevate extremity, assess skin around cast,
ROM, neurovascular assessment
Neurovascular Assessment - Answer 5 P's, Pain, Parasthesia, Paralysis, Pulse, Pallor, Polar, Pressure
Traction - Answer pulling force applied to affected part using weights. helps maintain alignment,
immobilize, decrease muscle spasms, pressure on joints.
Types of Traction - Answer Skin, Skeletal
Skin Traction - Answer uses boot or sling to pull bones into alignment
, Skeletal Traction - Answer The most effective means of traction, wire, pins, or tongs are drilled into the
bone.
Care of Traction - Answer maintain alignment, skin assessment, pin site care, weights hang freely.
Care of Client in Traction - Answer temperature, ropes hang freely, alignment, circulation check (5 P's),
type & location of fracture, increase fluid intake, overhead trapeze, no weights on bed or floor.
Stages of bone healing - Answer hematoma formation, inflammatory phase, reparative phase,
remodeling phase.
Hematoma Formation - Answer torn blood vessels in periosteum, bone cells at fracture site die.
Inflammatory Phase - Answer neovascularization and fibrosis at site of clot, osteoblasts begin forming
new bone forming a callus.
Reparative Phase - Answer continued formation of callus and cartilage at fracture site.
Remodeling Phase - Answer osteoblasts and osteoclasts continue to reorganize formation of new bone.
Complicaitons of Fracture - Answer hemorrhage, infection/osteomyelitis from open fracture or surgical
repair, venous thromboembolism, compartment syndrome, fat embolism.
Compartment Syndrome - Answer increased pressure within muscle compartment, inelastic fascia is
unable to expand, can impair circulation causing ischemia of muscle and nerves.
Causes of Compartment Syndrome - Answer crash injuries, fractures, tight casts, lying on limb for
prolonged periods
Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome - Answer pain out of proportion to injury, loss of two-point
discrimination, compromise in 6 P's, loss of pulse (may not occur)
