©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
URBS 230 - Final Exam Review Questions
With Verified Answers
Globalization - Answers✔Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
3 types of globalization - Answers✔economic, cultural and political
19th to mid-20th century was the first era of - Answers✔economic globalization
World City concept was first coined to describe large commodity trade centers like -
Answers✔Rome and Paris
First study of modern cities was by - Answers✔the British Geographer Peter Hall in 1966
Referred to World cities as - Answers✔the Great metropolitan center's of the world
Post-World War II (e.g., 50s, 60s) saw the rapid development of - Answers✔multinational
corporations
World cities became known as the gathering place of - Answers✔global capital and the place to
organize and control the production system
In 1991, Sassen introduced the concept of a "global city" in the book - Answers✔The Global
City: New York, London, Tokyo
Sassen's global city arguments had - Answers✔7 hypotheses
The 7 hypotheses are - Answers✔Hypothesis 1: Geographic dispersal and simultaneous
integration. Hypothesis 2: Outsourcing by large global firms.
Hypothesis 3: Agglomeration economies of specialized firms. Hypothesis 4: Headquarters are
free to locate anywhere.
Hypothesis 5: Global networks and markets for specialized services.
Hypothesis 6 & 7:
1
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Several predictions suggested that cities will lose their value because of globalization, however.
Conceptualizing the city as production sites also points to ALL the firms and jobs necessary to
run the globalized sectors.
Gentrification or Exclusion through Displacement - what is it? - Answers✔"a process of
neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested neighborhood
—by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents moving in - as well as
demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also in terms of changes in the
education level or racial make-up of residents."
2 types of gentrification arguments - Answers✔Consumption-oriented argument and Production-
oriented argument
Neoliberalism - Answers✔political ideology that emphasizes 'free' trade, deregulation and
reduction in government spending ('privatization').
social mix - Answers✔Policies to increase the diversity of a neighbourhood by enabling a mixing
of occupants (across socioeconomic lines) often through redevelopment projects
Gated community - Answers✔Fortified housing estate for affluent residents, to which access is
restricted by fencing, privatized security, legal agreements and often surveillance technology
In 1938, Louis Wirth proposed a different way of reading urbanism - Answers✔1. Stop
identifying urbanism with the physical entity of the city or "arbitrary city boundary"
2. Technological developments in transportation and communication have extended the urban
mode of living beyond the confines of the city
Spectacular urbanism - Answers✔refers broadly to modes of urban development that rely on
expressions of a "global" sense of place, often through grand architectural gestures or by staging
spectacular events.
Spectacular urbanism aims to - Answers✔create carefully crafted new meanings of place or new
imageries
Grand architectural projects examples - Answers✔Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Merdeka 118, Kuala Lampur Malaysia
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai China
Spectacular events - Answers✔These are large-scale/mega cultural events that often appeal to
both the national and international audience
Instant urbanization - Answers✔refers to processes of state-led urbanization that may involve the
rapid and centralized transformation of large parcels of land and which typically leverage
2
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
URBS 230 - Final Exam Review Questions
With Verified Answers
Globalization - Answers✔Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
3 types of globalization - Answers✔economic, cultural and political
19th to mid-20th century was the first era of - Answers✔economic globalization
World City concept was first coined to describe large commodity trade centers like -
Answers✔Rome and Paris
First study of modern cities was by - Answers✔the British Geographer Peter Hall in 1966
Referred to World cities as - Answers✔the Great metropolitan center's of the world
Post-World War II (e.g., 50s, 60s) saw the rapid development of - Answers✔multinational
corporations
World cities became known as the gathering place of - Answers✔global capital and the place to
organize and control the production system
In 1991, Sassen introduced the concept of a "global city" in the book - Answers✔The Global
City: New York, London, Tokyo
Sassen's global city arguments had - Answers✔7 hypotheses
The 7 hypotheses are - Answers✔Hypothesis 1: Geographic dispersal and simultaneous
integration. Hypothesis 2: Outsourcing by large global firms.
Hypothesis 3: Agglomeration economies of specialized firms. Hypothesis 4: Headquarters are
free to locate anywhere.
Hypothesis 5: Global networks and markets for specialized services.
Hypothesis 6 & 7:
1
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Several predictions suggested that cities will lose their value because of globalization, however.
Conceptualizing the city as production sites also points to ALL the firms and jobs necessary to
run the globalized sectors.
Gentrification or Exclusion through Displacement - what is it? - Answers✔"a process of
neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested neighborhood
—by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents moving in - as well as
demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also in terms of changes in the
education level or racial make-up of residents."
2 types of gentrification arguments - Answers✔Consumption-oriented argument and Production-
oriented argument
Neoliberalism - Answers✔political ideology that emphasizes 'free' trade, deregulation and
reduction in government spending ('privatization').
social mix - Answers✔Policies to increase the diversity of a neighbourhood by enabling a mixing
of occupants (across socioeconomic lines) often through redevelopment projects
Gated community - Answers✔Fortified housing estate for affluent residents, to which access is
restricted by fencing, privatized security, legal agreements and often surveillance technology
In 1938, Louis Wirth proposed a different way of reading urbanism - Answers✔1. Stop
identifying urbanism with the physical entity of the city or "arbitrary city boundary"
2. Technological developments in transportation and communication have extended the urban
mode of living beyond the confines of the city
Spectacular urbanism - Answers✔refers broadly to modes of urban development that rely on
expressions of a "global" sense of place, often through grand architectural gestures or by staging
spectacular events.
Spectacular urbanism aims to - Answers✔create carefully crafted new meanings of place or new
imageries
Grand architectural projects examples - Answers✔Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Merdeka 118, Kuala Lampur Malaysia
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai China
Spectacular events - Answers✔These are large-scale/mega cultural events that often appeal to
both the national and international audience
Instant urbanization - Answers✔refers to processes of state-led urbanization that may involve the
rapid and centralized transformation of large parcels of land and which typically leverage
2
