Final Exam: NU641/ NU 641 (New 2025/ 2026 Update) Advanced Clinical Pharmacology Guide | Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)- Regis

FinallExam:lNU641/lNUl641l(NewlUpdate)l
AdvancedlClinicallPharmacologylGuide|lQsl
&lAs|lGradelA|l100%lCorrectl(Verifiedl
Answers)l–lRegis

QUESTION
Parkinson'sldisease


Answer:
-
neurodegenerativeldisorderloflthelextrapyramidallsystemlassociatedlwithldisruptionloflnlneurotr
ansmissionslwithinlthelstriatum




QUESTION
PathophysiologyloflParkinson'slDisease


Answer:
-Thelextrapyramidallsystemlislalcomplexlneuronallnetworklthatlregulateslmovement
-
degenerationloflneuronslinlthelsubstantialnigralthatlsupplyldopamineltolthelstriatumlareldeficien
t;limbalancelbetweenltheldopaminelandlthelAcethecholinelthatlleadsltolthelmovementldisorder;l
toolmuchlAcethecholinelandllittleldopamine
-70-80%loflthelneuronslmustlbellostlbeforelPDlislrecognizedlandltakesl5-20lyearsltolappear
-Toxiclproteinlalpha-synucleinlislnotldegraded
-Lewylbodieslarelfoundlonlautopsy
-
Thelresultlislanlimbalancelbetweenldopaminelandlacetylcholinelleadingltoldisordersloflmoveme
ntlcalledldyskinesias




QUESTION
ParkinsonslMechanismloflImbalance

,Answer:
-NormallyldopaminelinhibitslGABAlandlacetylcholinelexciteslGABA
-
Inlthisldisease,lthelneuronslthatlsupplyldopaminelarelinsufficient.lWithoutltheldopamine,lthelex
citatoryleffectsloflAChlarelunopposedlandldisturbedlmovementloccurs




QUESTION
DyskinesiasloflParkinson'sldisease


Answer:
-Tremorlatlrest
-Rigidity
-Posturallinstability
-Bradykinesia




QUESTION
ClassificationloflDruglTherapylforlParkinson'sldisease


Answer:
-exerciselislalnaturallwayloflincreasingldopamine
-Dopaminergiclagents:lPromotelactivationlofldopaminelreceptors
-Levodopal-lAnticholinergiclagents:lPreventlactivationloflcholinergiclreceptors
-Benztropinel(Cogentin)
-Amantadine




QUESTION
DopaminergiclAgentsl-lMechanismloflaction


Answer:
-Promotionlofldopaminelsynthesis
-Preventionlofldopamineldegradation

,-Promotionlofldopaminelrelease
-Directlactivationlofldopaminelreceptors




QUESTION
AdverselEffectsloflDopaminergiclAgents


Answer:
-Nausea
-Dyskinesias
-Posturallhypotension
-Dysrhythmias
-Psychosis-hallucinations
-Darklsweatlandldarklurine
-Acutellosslofleffect-avoidlhighlproteinlmeals




QUESTION
AnticholinergiclAgents


Answer:
-
counteractlthelextrapyramidalladverselreactionslassociatedlwithlsomelpsychotropicldrugs;lexertl
directlantispasmodicleffectslandlinhibitlthelmuscariniclactionloflAChlonlsmoothlmuscle.
-Controlltremorslandlrelaxlsmoothlmuscle
-InhibitlthelmuscariniclactionloflAChlonlbladderlmuscle
-Benztropinel(Cogentin)
-Trihexyphenidyll(Artane)




QUESTION
AdverselEffectsloflAnticholinergiclAgents


Answer:
-Severalldrug-
drugslinteractionslbecauseltheylalterltransitltimelthroughlthelGIltract;lmaylalterlthelabsorptionlo

, flanylorallyladministeredldrug.lForldrugslwithlalnarrowltherapeuticlrangelorldrugslthatlcanlreac
hltoxicllevelsliflretainedltoollonglinlthelGIltract,lconcurrentladministrationlislnotlrecommended.
-Blurrylvision-photophobia
-Urinarylretention
-Drylmouth
-Constipation
-confusion
-Anhydrosis-inabilityltolsweat
-Tachycardia




QUESTION
DruglTherapylforlParkinson'slDisease


Answer:
-Levodopalpromoteslsynthesislofldopaminelinlthelstriatum
-Carbidopalenhancesltheleffectslofllevodopal(Sinemet)
-Pramipexolel(Mirapex)lislaldopaminelagonist
-Entacaponel(Comtan)lpreventslthelbreakdownlonllevodopa-COMTlinhibitor
-Amantadinel(Symmetrel)lstimulatesldopaminelrelease
-Selegilinel(Eldepryl,lCarbex)lislalMAO-Blinhibitorlpreventslbreakdownlofllevodopa




QUESTION
PathophysiologyloflAlzheimer'sldisease


Answer:
-Degenerationloflneurons
-Reducedlcholinergicltransmission
-LevelsloflAChlarel90%lbelowlnormal
-AChlneededlforlmemory
-Neuriticlplaqueslandlbeta-amyloidlcontributeltolneuronallinjury
-Neurofibrillaryltangleslandltau
-
ApolipoproteinlE4lknownlforlitslrolelinlcholesterolltransportlmaylpromotelformationloflneuritic
lplaques
-Endoplasmiclreticulum-associatedlproteinlislhighlinlpatientslwithlAD
-HighlhomocysteinellevelslarelassociatedlwithlAD