LPN 104 Final Exam with answers
Antidiuretic |hormone |(ADH) |- |correct |answer |-released |by |the |posterior |pituitary, |controls |how |much |
fluid |leaves |the |body |in |the |urine |and |causes |reabsoprtion |of |water |from |the |kidney |tubules.
2.2 |lbs |equals |- |correct |answer |-1 |liter |of |fluid |gain |or |loss
Patients |that |are |at |risk |for |deficient |fluid |volume |are |- |correct |answer |-Those |that |are |unable |to |take
|in |sufficient |quantities |of |fluid |because |of |impaired |swallowing, |extreme |weakness, |disorientation |or |
coma, |or |the |unaviabilty |of |water, |and |patients |whose |lose |excessive |amounts |of |fluid |through |
prolonged |vomiting, |diarrhea, |hemorrhage, |diaphoresis |(sweating), |excessive |wound |drainage, |or |
diuretic |therapy.
The |movement |of |water |out |of |the |cells |causes |- |correct |answer |-dehydration
IV |flow |rate |- |correct |answer |-gtts/min
Metabolic |acidosis |- |correct |answer |-An |excessive |loss |of |bicarbonate |ions |or |an |increased |production
|on |retention |of |hydrogen |ions. |Decreased |pH, |decreased |HCO3.
Metabolic |alkalosis |- |correct |answer |-Is |a |metabolic |alkalosis |is |a |metabolic |condition |in |which |pH |of |
tissue |is |elevated |beyond |normal |range |(7.35-7.45). |Increased |pH, |increased |HCO3.
Respiratory |Alkalosis |- |correct |answer |-Low |level |of |carbon |dioxide |in |the |blood |due |to |breathing |
excessively. |Decreased |pH, |increased |PACO2.
Respiratory |Acidosis |- |correct |answer |-An |increase |in |carbon |dioxide |levels |(CO2 |retetion).
Decreased |pH, |increased |PaCO2: |Respiratory |
Increased |pH, |decreased |PaCO2: |Opposite |
Decreased |pH, |decreased |HCO3: |Metabolic |
,Increased |pH, |increased |HCO3: |Equal |- |correct |answer |-Sodium |(Na |2+): |135-145 |mEq/L
Potassium |(K+): |3.5-5.0 |mEq/L
Calcium |(Ca2+): |8.4 |mEq/L
Magenisum |(Mq |2+): |1.3-2.1 |mEq/L
Hyponatremia |- |correct |answer |-A |deficit |of |sodium |in |the |blood |(Na+ |less |than |135mEq/L). |Occurs |
from |either |a |sodium |loss, |an |inadequate |intake |of |dietary |sodium, |or |an |excess |of |water.
Foods |that |are |high |in |sodium |- |correct |answer |-Buttermilk, |canned |soups, |canned |vegetables, |dried |
fruits, |ham, |hot |dogs, |olives, |pickles, |preserved |meats, |processed |foods, |salted |nuts, |salted |popcorn, |
soy |sauce, |and |tomato |or |vegetable |juice.
Foods |that |are |low |in |sodium |- |correct |answer |-Fresh |fruit, |fresh |fruits, |fresh |vegetables, |and |eggs.
Overhydration |- |correct |answer |-Too |much |fluid |is |in |the |body |or |consumed |too |much |fluid. |(Water).
Immediate |Preoperative |Care |- |correct |answer |-Patient |is |dressed |in |a |hospital |gown, |without |
underwear. |Hair |is |covered |with |a |surgical |paper |cap. |Long |hair |should |be |fixed |to |minimize |tangling. |
All |barrettes |and |bobby |pins |must |be |removed. |Must |ask |about |all |piercings |and |jewerly. |Jewerly |
must |be |removed |for |safety |due |to |the |electrocautery |used |during |surgery |and |the |danger |of |an |
electrical |burn |from |conduction |of |electricity |through |metal. |Jewerly |and |money |and |credit |cards |are |
given |to |family |members |while |patient |goes |under |for |surgery. |If |jewerly |must |be |worn |it |has |to |be |
taped |down |to |the |patient. |Dentures |are |removed |and |kept |in |a |denture |cup. |If |hearing |aid |is |left |it, |
it |should |be |taped |to |the |patient |and |the |provider |and |surgical |team |should |be |notified. |Verify |the |
patient's |braclet |and |make |sure |it |matches |the |chart. |Verify |that |the |consent |form |is |signed. |Also |
have |patient |point |to |were |the |surgery |will |take |place |and |have |them |describe |the |surgery |to |you.
Consent |for |surgery |- |correct |answer |-Before |the |surgeron |can |perform |an |operation, |written |
permission |must |be |signed |by |either |the |patient, |guardian, |or |whoever |holds |the |power |of |attorney |
must |be |obtained. |Surgeon |will |explain |the |procedure, |risks |and |benefits |to |the |patient. |The |nurse |
needs |to |witness |the |patient |signing |the |consent |form. |Patient |must |be |mentally |compantent |and |can
|give |freely |consent |without |coercion. |Patient's |consent |form |is |attached |to |the |patient's |chart |and |
sent |down |with |the |patient |to |operating |room. |Nurse |must |check |that |the |consent |form |is |signed |
before |adminstering |preoperative |medications.
, Informed |consent |- |correct |answer |-Patient |understands |procedure, |risks, |and |benefits. |Patient |signs |
consent |before |surgery |or |a |procedure. |Patient |has |to |be |conscious |and |must |sign |consent |without |
any |pressure.
Bloodless |surgery |- |correct |answer |-Some |patients |use |this |surgery |to |avoid |the |risk |inherented |in |
blood |transfusion. |This |surgery |uses |a |combination |of |techniques |to |minimize |blood |loss |and |
maximize |blood |volume |and |function. |Epoein |alfa |(Epoetin |Procrit) |may |be |given |before |surgery |to |
simulate |red |blood |cell |production |and |hemostatic |agents |may |be |given |before |or |during |surgery |to |
promote |clotting. |Another |bloodless |surgery |technique |is |hemodilution, |which |several |units |of |the |
patient's |blood |is |removed |and |replaced |with |crystalloids |or |colloids |to |expand |vascular |volume. |
Hemodiliution |decreased |blood |viscoity, |improve |oxygen |transport, |and- |if |bleeding |occurs |during |
surgery- |it |minimizes |the |loss |of |red |blood |cells.
General |Anesthesia |- |correct |answer |-Is |induced |by |the |administration |of |an |inhalant |gas |or |by |
medication |introduced |intravenously. |During |general |anesthesia, |the |patient |is |in |a |deep |sleep |state |
with |muscle |relaxation |and |is |not |aware |of |the |surroundings. |There |are |three |stages |of |general |
anesthesia: |1.Induction: |unconsciousness |is |induces, |2. |Maintainance: |Period |during |which |the |surgical
|procedure |is |performed |3. |Emergence: |Surgery |is |completed |and |the |patient |is |prepared |to |return |to
|consciousness; |neuromuscular |blocking |agents |are |reversed. |
1. |Stage |of |analgesia, |2. |excitement |stage |(need |to |maintain |quiet, |calm |environment). |3. |Surgical |
anesthesia |stage, |4. |complete |respiratory |depression.
Postanesthesia |Care |Unit |(PACU) |- |correct |answer |-Provides |care |to |after |general |anesthesia |or |spinal |
anesthesia |or |require |constant |observation |after |a |surgical/ |invasive |procedure |
-Patient |is |positioned |to |maintain |patent |airway, |prevent |aspiration. |
-Temperature |and |warm |blankets |
-Frequent |assessments- |Every |15 |minutes |or |status |
- |Temperature |and |warm |blankets
-Neurologic |status-LOC, |responds |to |stimuli |
| -Reorientation, |tell |them |they |are |in |the |recovery |area |and |that |their |surgery |is |over. |
| -Be |sure |to |check |ability |to |swallow |before |providing |and |food/liquids.
What |is |important |to |monitor |on |a |patient |especially |after |a |procedure? |- |correct |answer |-Airway, |
breathing, |and |circulation. |Monitor |patient's |temperatue |and |vital |signs.
Antidiuretic |hormone |(ADH) |- |correct |answer |-released |by |the |posterior |pituitary, |controls |how |much |
fluid |leaves |the |body |in |the |urine |and |causes |reabsoprtion |of |water |from |the |kidney |tubules.
2.2 |lbs |equals |- |correct |answer |-1 |liter |of |fluid |gain |or |loss
Patients |that |are |at |risk |for |deficient |fluid |volume |are |- |correct |answer |-Those |that |are |unable |to |take
|in |sufficient |quantities |of |fluid |because |of |impaired |swallowing, |extreme |weakness, |disorientation |or |
coma, |or |the |unaviabilty |of |water, |and |patients |whose |lose |excessive |amounts |of |fluid |through |
prolonged |vomiting, |diarrhea, |hemorrhage, |diaphoresis |(sweating), |excessive |wound |drainage, |or |
diuretic |therapy.
The |movement |of |water |out |of |the |cells |causes |- |correct |answer |-dehydration
IV |flow |rate |- |correct |answer |-gtts/min
Metabolic |acidosis |- |correct |answer |-An |excessive |loss |of |bicarbonate |ions |or |an |increased |production
|on |retention |of |hydrogen |ions. |Decreased |pH, |decreased |HCO3.
Metabolic |alkalosis |- |correct |answer |-Is |a |metabolic |alkalosis |is |a |metabolic |condition |in |which |pH |of |
tissue |is |elevated |beyond |normal |range |(7.35-7.45). |Increased |pH, |increased |HCO3.
Respiratory |Alkalosis |- |correct |answer |-Low |level |of |carbon |dioxide |in |the |blood |due |to |breathing |
excessively. |Decreased |pH, |increased |PACO2.
Respiratory |Acidosis |- |correct |answer |-An |increase |in |carbon |dioxide |levels |(CO2 |retetion).
Decreased |pH, |increased |PaCO2: |Respiratory |
Increased |pH, |decreased |PaCO2: |Opposite |
Decreased |pH, |decreased |HCO3: |Metabolic |
,Increased |pH, |increased |HCO3: |Equal |- |correct |answer |-Sodium |(Na |2+): |135-145 |mEq/L
Potassium |(K+): |3.5-5.0 |mEq/L
Calcium |(Ca2+): |8.4 |mEq/L
Magenisum |(Mq |2+): |1.3-2.1 |mEq/L
Hyponatremia |- |correct |answer |-A |deficit |of |sodium |in |the |blood |(Na+ |less |than |135mEq/L). |Occurs |
from |either |a |sodium |loss, |an |inadequate |intake |of |dietary |sodium, |or |an |excess |of |water.
Foods |that |are |high |in |sodium |- |correct |answer |-Buttermilk, |canned |soups, |canned |vegetables, |dried |
fruits, |ham, |hot |dogs, |olives, |pickles, |preserved |meats, |processed |foods, |salted |nuts, |salted |popcorn, |
soy |sauce, |and |tomato |or |vegetable |juice.
Foods |that |are |low |in |sodium |- |correct |answer |-Fresh |fruit, |fresh |fruits, |fresh |vegetables, |and |eggs.
Overhydration |- |correct |answer |-Too |much |fluid |is |in |the |body |or |consumed |too |much |fluid. |(Water).
Immediate |Preoperative |Care |- |correct |answer |-Patient |is |dressed |in |a |hospital |gown, |without |
underwear. |Hair |is |covered |with |a |surgical |paper |cap. |Long |hair |should |be |fixed |to |minimize |tangling. |
All |barrettes |and |bobby |pins |must |be |removed. |Must |ask |about |all |piercings |and |jewerly. |Jewerly |
must |be |removed |for |safety |due |to |the |electrocautery |used |during |surgery |and |the |danger |of |an |
electrical |burn |from |conduction |of |electricity |through |metal. |Jewerly |and |money |and |credit |cards |are |
given |to |family |members |while |patient |goes |under |for |surgery. |If |jewerly |must |be |worn |it |has |to |be |
taped |down |to |the |patient. |Dentures |are |removed |and |kept |in |a |denture |cup. |If |hearing |aid |is |left |it, |
it |should |be |taped |to |the |patient |and |the |provider |and |surgical |team |should |be |notified. |Verify |the |
patient's |braclet |and |make |sure |it |matches |the |chart. |Verify |that |the |consent |form |is |signed. |Also |
have |patient |point |to |were |the |surgery |will |take |place |and |have |them |describe |the |surgery |to |you.
Consent |for |surgery |- |correct |answer |-Before |the |surgeron |can |perform |an |operation, |written |
permission |must |be |signed |by |either |the |patient, |guardian, |or |whoever |holds |the |power |of |attorney |
must |be |obtained. |Surgeon |will |explain |the |procedure, |risks |and |benefits |to |the |patient. |The |nurse |
needs |to |witness |the |patient |signing |the |consent |form. |Patient |must |be |mentally |compantent |and |can
|give |freely |consent |without |coercion. |Patient's |consent |form |is |attached |to |the |patient's |chart |and |
sent |down |with |the |patient |to |operating |room. |Nurse |must |check |that |the |consent |form |is |signed |
before |adminstering |preoperative |medications.
, Informed |consent |- |correct |answer |-Patient |understands |procedure, |risks, |and |benefits. |Patient |signs |
consent |before |surgery |or |a |procedure. |Patient |has |to |be |conscious |and |must |sign |consent |without |
any |pressure.
Bloodless |surgery |- |correct |answer |-Some |patients |use |this |surgery |to |avoid |the |risk |inherented |in |
blood |transfusion. |This |surgery |uses |a |combination |of |techniques |to |minimize |blood |loss |and |
maximize |blood |volume |and |function. |Epoein |alfa |(Epoetin |Procrit) |may |be |given |before |surgery |to |
simulate |red |blood |cell |production |and |hemostatic |agents |may |be |given |before |or |during |surgery |to |
promote |clotting. |Another |bloodless |surgery |technique |is |hemodilution, |which |several |units |of |the |
patient's |blood |is |removed |and |replaced |with |crystalloids |or |colloids |to |expand |vascular |volume. |
Hemodiliution |decreased |blood |viscoity, |improve |oxygen |transport, |and- |if |bleeding |occurs |during |
surgery- |it |minimizes |the |loss |of |red |blood |cells.
General |Anesthesia |- |correct |answer |-Is |induced |by |the |administration |of |an |inhalant |gas |or |by |
medication |introduced |intravenously. |During |general |anesthesia, |the |patient |is |in |a |deep |sleep |state |
with |muscle |relaxation |and |is |not |aware |of |the |surroundings. |There |are |three |stages |of |general |
anesthesia: |1.Induction: |unconsciousness |is |induces, |2. |Maintainance: |Period |during |which |the |surgical
|procedure |is |performed |3. |Emergence: |Surgery |is |completed |and |the |patient |is |prepared |to |return |to
|consciousness; |neuromuscular |blocking |agents |are |reversed. |
1. |Stage |of |analgesia, |2. |excitement |stage |(need |to |maintain |quiet, |calm |environment). |3. |Surgical |
anesthesia |stage, |4. |complete |respiratory |depression.
Postanesthesia |Care |Unit |(PACU) |- |correct |answer |-Provides |care |to |after |general |anesthesia |or |spinal |
anesthesia |or |require |constant |observation |after |a |surgical/ |invasive |procedure |
-Patient |is |positioned |to |maintain |patent |airway, |prevent |aspiration. |
-Temperature |and |warm |blankets |
-Frequent |assessments- |Every |15 |minutes |or |status |
- |Temperature |and |warm |blankets
-Neurologic |status-LOC, |responds |to |stimuli |
| -Reorientation, |tell |them |they |are |in |the |recovery |area |and |that |their |surgery |is |over. |
| -Be |sure |to |check |ability |to |swallow |before |providing |and |food/liquids.
What |is |important |to |monitor |on |a |patient |especially |after |a |procedure? |- |correct |answer |-Airway, |
breathing, |and |circulation. |Monitor |patient's |temperatue |and |vital |signs.
