GCU PATHO Bio 322 Final Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Describe coronary artery disease, how it develops, and the
pathophysiological basis of the various risk factors that can lead to this
disorder - ✔✔- Caused: by the narrowing of the arteries that supply the
blood to they myocardium. this could be due to plaque build up, and fatty
mater
- most common is arthersclerosis.
- Risk factors: poor nutrtion/obesity, smoking, high LDL, and low HDL.
Myocardial Ischemia - ✔✔- the decrease in the blood supply to the heart
which leds to chest pain or angina.
- S/S: chest heaviness, possible pain in left arm, shoulder, jaw and neck,
Nausea & breathlessness
Myocardial infarction - ✔✔AKA: heart attack IRREVERSIBLE
- progressive ischemia with damage to myocardium (myoctye necrosis)
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- Cause: cardiovascular disease
- S/S: dyspnea, decrease BP (scynocpe), nausea, diaphoresis, anxiety,
sudden sever chest pain that may radiate to left arm
- Women: jaw and back bain
- Men: chest discomfort, arm pain, and SOB.
- Tests: EKG
-- STEMI- indicates transmural MI
-- NON STEMI- indicates subendocardial MI
What are the two types of myocardial infarctions - ✔✔1. transmural
2. subendocardial
Transmural MI - ✔✔thrombus remains and myocardium involved transcend
to epicardium
- STEMI (ST elevation in MI)
-- Q- wave MI
Subendocardial MI - ✔✔thrombus dislodges and only myocardium directly
beneath endocardium involved.
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- NON STEMI (no ST elevation in mycardial infarction)
-- non Q wave MI
Transmural Vs. Subendocardial MI - ✔✔
Transmural MI vs. Subendocardial EKG - ✔✔ALSO REVIEW SLIDE 6
Test for MI - ✔✔Blood tests values increased
- TROPONIN I AND T: 12 hours- 2 weeks (most specific)
- LDH: (Lactate dehydrogenase): 72hrs-10 days
-CK-MB (creatine phophonkiase- myocardial band : 10 -48 hrs
MYOGLOBIN: 2hrs- lasts 24 hrs.
* TROPONIN AND CK0MB ARE THE TWO MAIN LABS WE LOOK AT TO
CONFIRM HEART ATTACK.
** review slide 22
Treatment for MI - ✔✔ANGIOPLASTY- with in 90 mins
- thrombolytic therapy- with in 3 hours
- cardioportection after MI
-- beta-blockers: blocks sympathetic innervation
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, -- ACE inhibitors
Angina Pectoris - ✔✔Chest pain caused by REVERSIBLE myocardial
ischemia
- S/S: sudden severe chest pain last *3-5 minutes*. pressure/squeezing,
fatigue, nausea, SOB.
- cause: cardiovascular disease or anemias
- tx: Rest, nitrates (dialte arteries and viens)
Tests for Angina pectoris - ✔✔-EKG- may be normal
- stress tests
- coronary ANGIOGRAPHY and cardiac catheterization
--- dye with x rays to show coronary lumen
- CBC
-- increased C REACTIVE PROTIEN (CPR) INDICATES INFLAMMATION
SOMEWHERE IN THE BODY.
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Describe coronary artery disease, how it develops, and the
pathophysiological basis of the various risk factors that can lead to this
disorder - ✔✔- Caused: by the narrowing of the arteries that supply the
blood to they myocardium. this could be due to plaque build up, and fatty
mater
- most common is arthersclerosis.
- Risk factors: poor nutrtion/obesity, smoking, high LDL, and low HDL.
Myocardial Ischemia - ✔✔- the decrease in the blood supply to the heart
which leds to chest pain or angina.
- S/S: chest heaviness, possible pain in left arm, shoulder, jaw and neck,
Nausea & breathlessness
Myocardial infarction - ✔✔AKA: heart attack IRREVERSIBLE
- progressive ischemia with damage to myocardium (myoctye necrosis)
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- Cause: cardiovascular disease
- S/S: dyspnea, decrease BP (scynocpe), nausea, diaphoresis, anxiety,
sudden sever chest pain that may radiate to left arm
- Women: jaw and back bain
- Men: chest discomfort, arm pain, and SOB.
- Tests: EKG
-- STEMI- indicates transmural MI
-- NON STEMI- indicates subendocardial MI
What are the two types of myocardial infarctions - ✔✔1. transmural
2. subendocardial
Transmural MI - ✔✔thrombus remains and myocardium involved transcend
to epicardium
- STEMI (ST elevation in MI)
-- Q- wave MI
Subendocardial MI - ✔✔thrombus dislodges and only myocardium directly
beneath endocardium involved.
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- NON STEMI (no ST elevation in mycardial infarction)
-- non Q wave MI
Transmural Vs. Subendocardial MI - ✔✔
Transmural MI vs. Subendocardial EKG - ✔✔ALSO REVIEW SLIDE 6
Test for MI - ✔✔Blood tests values increased
- TROPONIN I AND T: 12 hours- 2 weeks (most specific)
- LDH: (Lactate dehydrogenase): 72hrs-10 days
-CK-MB (creatine phophonkiase- myocardial band : 10 -48 hrs
MYOGLOBIN: 2hrs- lasts 24 hrs.
* TROPONIN AND CK0MB ARE THE TWO MAIN LABS WE LOOK AT TO
CONFIRM HEART ATTACK.
** review slide 22
Treatment for MI - ✔✔ANGIOPLASTY- with in 90 mins
- thrombolytic therapy- with in 3 hours
- cardioportection after MI
-- beta-blockers: blocks sympathetic innervation
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, -- ACE inhibitors
Angina Pectoris - ✔✔Chest pain caused by REVERSIBLE myocardial
ischemia
- S/S: sudden severe chest pain last *3-5 minutes*. pressure/squeezing,
fatigue, nausea, SOB.
- cause: cardiovascular disease or anemias
- tx: Rest, nitrates (dialte arteries and viens)
Tests for Angina pectoris - ✔✔-EKG- may be normal
- stress tests
- coronary ANGIOGRAPHY and cardiac catheterization
--- dye with x rays to show coronary lumen
- CBC
-- increased C REACTIVE PROTIEN (CPR) INDICATES INFLAMMATION
SOMEWHERE IN THE BODY.
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
