AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2

AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2



WilhelmooWundtoo-ooans---ooFirstooPsychologist
-ooFirstooLabooinooGermany
-ooExperimentalooConditions
-ooStructuralismooandooIntrospection

Introspectionoo-ooans--
PersonooGainsooknowledgeooaboutootheiroomentaloostateoobyooexaminingootheirooconscio
usoothoughtsooandoofeelings

Empiricismoo-ooans--
Knowledgeooisooderivedoofromoosensoryooexperience,oocharacterisedoobyootheoouseooofoot
heooscientificoomethod

ScientificooMethodoo-ooans--Theooinvestigativeoomethodsoothatooare:
-ooObjective
-ooSystematic
-ooReliable

EvaluationooofooWundtoo-ooans---oomethodsoowereoounreliableooasooitooreliedooonoonon-
observable
-
ooIntrospectionooisoonotooaccurateoobecauseoopeopleooareoooftenoounawareooofooareoobeh
aviours

EvaluationooofootheooScientificooApproachoo-ooans---ooitsooobjectiveooandoosystematic
-ooRelyooonoodeterminism
-ooSelfoocorrective

-ooCreateoonon-naturalisticooenvironments
-ooHumanoobehaviourooisoonotooalwaysooobservableootoootheoorulesooofooscience

ClassicalooConditioningoo-ooans--Pavlovoo-
ooWhenooaooneutraloostimulusooisooconsistentlyoopairedoowithooanoounconditionaloostimulu
soosooothatooitootakesooonootheoopropertiesooonootheoostimulusooandooisooableootoooproduc
edooaooconditionedooresponse

ClassicalooConditioningoostepsoo-ooans--UCSoo->ooUCR
NSoo->ooNoooResponse

,UCS+NSoo->ooUCR

CSoo->ooCR

FeaturesooofooCCoo-ooans---
ooIfootimeoointervalooisootoooogreatoobetweenooconditioningooitoodoesoonotoowork
-ooCRoowilloobecomeooextinctooinootheooabsenceooofootheooUCSooafterooaoowhile
-ooIfooextinctooandoopairedooagainootheyoopairoomoreooquicklyoo(SpontaneousooRecovery)
-ooStimulusoogeneralisation,ooCRooisoocreatedootooothingsoosimilarootoooCS

OperantooConditioningoo-ooans--Skinneroo-
ooLearningoothroughooreinforcementoooroopunishment,ooaoobehaviourooisoomoreoolikelyooifo
ofollowedoobyooaoodesirableooconcequence


PositiveooReinforcementoo-ooans--
BehaviourooProducesooaooresponseoothatooisoodesirable

NegativeooReinforcementoo-ooans--Doingoosomethingootooostopoounpleasantooresponse

Reinforcementoo-ooans--Strengtheningooaooresponse

Punishmentoo-ooans--Anoounpleasantooconsequenceoofollowingooaoobehaviour

FeaturesooofooClassicalooConditioningoo-ooans---
ooSchedulingooreinforcementoomakesooitoostronger
-ooPunishment

EvaluationooofooClassicalooConditioningoo-ooans---
ooApplicationsooinootreatmentooofoophobias
-
ooAnimalooResearchoocannotoobeoogeneralisedootooohumansoobecauseootheyoohaveoodiffe
rentooneedsootooolearn

EvaluationooofooOperantooConditioningoo-ooans---ooUseooofooexperimentaloomethod
-ooAnimalooResearchoocannotoobeoogeneralisedootooohumans

Modellingoo-ooans--Individualsoolearnoobehaviouroobeooobservingooothers

Imitationoo-ooans--Copyingooaoomodelsoobehaviour

Identificationoo-ooans--
Individualooadoptsooattitudesooandoobehavioursooofooaoomodeloobecauseootheyoowantootoo
obeoolikeoothem

,VicariousooReinforcementoo-ooans--
Individualsoolearnooaboutootheoolikelyooconsequencesoobyooobservingooaoomodel'sooexper
iencesooandooadjustootheiroobehaviourootoooobtainootheoosameooexperience

TheooRoleooofootheoomeditationalooProcessesoo-ooans--
Observerooformsooaoomentaloorepresentationoopfootheoobehaviouroodisplayedooofootheoom
odelooandootheooprobableooconsequencesooitoowillooalsooohappenootooothem

EvaluationooofooSocialooLearningooTheoryoo-ooans---
ooApplicationsooinoohumanoobehaviour
-ooresearchoosupportoo(Bandura)

-
ooProblemsoowithoocausality,ooitoomayoonotoobeooobservingoobutooratheroopeopleooalreadyo
ohaveoothisooaootryootooofindoopeopleoosimilar
-ooApproachoodisregardsoootheroopotentialooinfluencesoolikeoogender

BanduraooProceduresoo-ooans--
Childrenoowereooexposedootoooaggressiveoooroononooaggressiveoomodelsoointeractingoowi
thooaoobobooodoll

BanduraooFindingsoo-ooans--
Childrenoowhooohadooaggressiveoomodelsoowereooaggressiveootoootheoodoll
Childrenoowhooohadoonon-aggressiveoomodelsoowereoonotooaggressiveootoootheoodoll

Cognitiveoo-ooans--
Refersootooomentalooprocessesoosuchooasooperception,oomemoryooandooreasoning

Schemaoo-ooans--
Aoocognitiveooframeworkoothatoohelpsoousooorganiseooandoointerpretooinformation

WhyooareooSchemasoouseful?oo-ooans--
Theyoohelpoousoomakeoosenseooofoonewooinformationoobyoofillingooinoogaps

TheoreticalooModelsoo-ooans--
Pictorialoorepresentationsooofoocognitiveooprocessesoobasedooonooresearchooevidence

ComputerooModeloo-ooans--
Computerooanalogyooofooinputooprocessoostorageoooutputootooorepresentootheoohumanooc
ognitive

CognitiveooNeuroscienceoo-ooans--non-
invasiveooimagingootechniquesoosuchooasooPETooandoofMRIooscansootooohelpoopsycholog
istsoounderstandoohowootheoobrainooworks

PEToo-ooans--Positronooemissionootomography

, fMRIoo-ooans--FunctionalooMagneticooResonanceooimaging

EvaluationooofootheooCognitiveooApproachoo-ooans---
ooApplicationsooinoosocialoocognition,oodysfunctionaloobehaviour
-ooScientific

-
ooComputeroomodelsooareootooosimplisticooforooaoohumanoomind,ooandooatootheoosameooti
meoosuggestoothatooweooneverooforgetooorooneveroomakeoomistakes
-ooignoresooemotionooandoomotivationoo(tellsoousoohowoonotoowhy)
-ooLackooecologicaloovalidity

BiologicalooApproachoo-ooans--
Viewsoohumansooasoobiologicalooorganismsooandooprovidesoobiologicalooexplanationsoofo
rooalloopsychologicaloofunctioning

Genesoo-ooans--Aoopartooofootheoochromosomeoothatoocarriesoogeneticooinformation

Genotypeoo-ooans--Theoogeneticoomake-upooofooanooindividual

Phenotypeoo-ooans--Theooobservableoocharacteristicsooofooanooindividual

Evolutionoo-ooans--Changeooisoogeneticoomake-upooofooaoopopulationoooverootime

NeuroChemistryoo-ooans--
Howoochemicalooandooneuralooprocessesooassociateoowithootheoonervousoosystem

NervousooSystemoo-ooans--
CentralooNervousooSystemoo(brainooandoospinaloocord)ooandootheooPeripheralooNervousoo
Systemoo(somaticooandooautonomousoosystems)

carriesooimpulsesooaroundootheoobody

TheooBrainoo-ooans--Co-ordinatesootheoofunctioningooofootheoobody

FrontalooLobesoo-ooans--Functionsoolikeoospeech,oothoughooandoolearning

ParietalooLobesoo-ooans--
Processesoosensoryooinformationoolikeootouch,ootemperatureooandoopain

Occipitaloolobesoo-ooans--Processesoovisualooinformation

Temporaloolobesoo-ooans--Involvedoowithoohearingooandoomemory

EvaluationooofootheooBiologicalooApproachoo-ooans---ooScientific