CE264 EXAM WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTION
AASHTO - ANSWER American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
ANSI - ANSWER American National Standards Institute
ASTM - ANSWER American Society for Testing Materials
USCS - ANSWER Unified Soil Classification System
DPWH - ANSWER Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM - ANSWER classifies inorganic soils for
suitability as subgrade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.
AASHTO defines particle sizes as - ANSWER • Boulders - above 75mm
• Gravel - 75mm to No.10 sieve
• Coarse Sand - No.10 to No.40 sieve
• Fine Sand - No.40 to No.200 sieve
• Silt-Clay Particles - passing No.200 sieve
Liquid Limit (LL) - ANSWER moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid
state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm
groove after 25 drops from 1 cm
Plastic Limit (PL) - ANSWER the water content at which a silt or clay material will just
begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter.
Plasticity Index (PI) - ANSWER is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit : LL -
PL = PI , that is the range of water content over which sediment behaves.
Fill materials - ANSWER soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or
as a man-made-deposit; generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on
grade
GW, GM, GP - ANSWER Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% further
retained on No.40 sieve.
SW, SM - ANSWER or Sands with > 50% are retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more
passes No.40 sieve.
,Granular Fill or Filters - ANSWER soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than
50%; used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural
materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67.
Borrow Fill - ANSWER selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated
granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction
passing the No. 200 sieve
Base Course Materials - ANSWER hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or
other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay
RIPRAP (ROCK LINING - ANSWER a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to
prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment
RIPRAP - ANSWER is frequently defined as the stone used to construct such a lining
50mm (2 inches) to 1148mm (42 inches) - ANSWER Riprap gradations range in diameter
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER Wire-enclosed riprap
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh,
filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the
same resistance to displacement by water energy as larger unwrapped riprap.
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to
trucks or large construction equipment.
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER wire baskets also allow steeper (i.e., vertical) channel
linings to be constructed.
thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings is determined by three factors -
ANSWER ▪ the erodibility of the bank soil
▪ the maximum velocity of the water, and
▪ the bank slope
GEOSYNTHETICS - ANSWER Construction materials consisting of synthetic
components made for use with or within earth materials
Geosynthetics can be further categorized into the following components: - ANSWER •
Geotextiles
• Geomembranes
• Geocomposites
• Geonets
, • Geocells
Geotextiles - ANSWER are the most common geosynthetics, and consist of woven or
nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene
generally used for reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage
Reinforcement - ANSWER when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load
bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and decrease the amount of
sub-base and base course material.
Separation - ANSWER when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar materials to
prevent migration of one of the materials into the othe
Filtration - ANSWER when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of fine
particles from soil through which seepage occurs .
Filtration has three separate categories: - ANSWER Subsurface
Erosion Control
Sediment Control
Subsurface - ANSWER those employed in sub-surface drainage applications, such as
filters around underdrains or edge drains, or under paving.
Erosion Control - ANSWER those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features.
When used in conjunction with a stone lining or riprap, they would serve a secondary
function of separation
Sediment Control - ANSWER are exclusively those used for silt fence applications. While
they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they function is
different than subsurface drainage or erosion control application
In-Plane Drainage - ANSWER particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having
sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits in drainage applications.
Geomembranes - ANSWER continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable.
thermoplastic products - ANSWER manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE)
and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
thermoset polymer - ANSWER Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) frequently
used for membrane roofing
Different types of geomembranes have significantly different properties including : -
ANSWER ▪ Strength
▪ Longevity
▪ resistance to ultraviolet light
SOLUTION
AASHTO - ANSWER American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
ANSI - ANSWER American National Standards Institute
ASTM - ANSWER American Society for Testing Materials
USCS - ANSWER Unified Soil Classification System
DPWH - ANSWER Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM - ANSWER classifies inorganic soils for
suitability as subgrade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.
AASHTO defines particle sizes as - ANSWER • Boulders - above 75mm
• Gravel - 75mm to No.10 sieve
• Coarse Sand - No.10 to No.40 sieve
• Fine Sand - No.40 to No.200 sieve
• Silt-Clay Particles - passing No.200 sieve
Liquid Limit (LL) - ANSWER moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid
state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm
groove after 25 drops from 1 cm
Plastic Limit (PL) - ANSWER the water content at which a silt or clay material will just
begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter.
Plasticity Index (PI) - ANSWER is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit : LL -
PL = PI , that is the range of water content over which sediment behaves.
Fill materials - ANSWER soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or
as a man-made-deposit; generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on
grade
GW, GM, GP - ANSWER Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% further
retained on No.40 sieve.
SW, SM - ANSWER or Sands with > 50% are retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more
passes No.40 sieve.
,Granular Fill or Filters - ANSWER soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than
50%; used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural
materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67.
Borrow Fill - ANSWER selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated
granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction
passing the No. 200 sieve
Base Course Materials - ANSWER hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or
other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay
RIPRAP (ROCK LINING - ANSWER a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to
prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment
RIPRAP - ANSWER is frequently defined as the stone used to construct such a lining
50mm (2 inches) to 1148mm (42 inches) - ANSWER Riprap gradations range in diameter
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER Wire-enclosed riprap
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh,
filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the
same resistance to displacement by water energy as larger unwrapped riprap.
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to
trucks or large construction equipment.
GABION SYSTEM - ANSWER wire baskets also allow steeper (i.e., vertical) channel
linings to be constructed.
thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings is determined by three factors -
ANSWER ▪ the erodibility of the bank soil
▪ the maximum velocity of the water, and
▪ the bank slope
GEOSYNTHETICS - ANSWER Construction materials consisting of synthetic
components made for use with or within earth materials
Geosynthetics can be further categorized into the following components: - ANSWER •
Geotextiles
• Geomembranes
• Geocomposites
• Geonets
, • Geocells
Geotextiles - ANSWER are the most common geosynthetics, and consist of woven or
nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene
generally used for reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage
Reinforcement - ANSWER when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load
bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and decrease the amount of
sub-base and base course material.
Separation - ANSWER when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar materials to
prevent migration of one of the materials into the othe
Filtration - ANSWER when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of fine
particles from soil through which seepage occurs .
Filtration has three separate categories: - ANSWER Subsurface
Erosion Control
Sediment Control
Subsurface - ANSWER those employed in sub-surface drainage applications, such as
filters around underdrains or edge drains, or under paving.
Erosion Control - ANSWER those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features.
When used in conjunction with a stone lining or riprap, they would serve a secondary
function of separation
Sediment Control - ANSWER are exclusively those used for silt fence applications. While
they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they function is
different than subsurface drainage or erosion control application
In-Plane Drainage - ANSWER particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having
sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits in drainage applications.
Geomembranes - ANSWER continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable.
thermoplastic products - ANSWER manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE)
and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
thermoset polymer - ANSWER Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) frequently
used for membrane roofing
Different types of geomembranes have significantly different properties including : -
ANSWER ▪ Strength
▪ Longevity
▪ resistance to ultraviolet light
