Nurs8024 Pharm Exam 1 |2024 Update |Real Exam Questions And Verified Answers/Accurate Solutions |Get It 100% Correct!! Already Graded A+

NURS8024 Pharm Exam 1 |2024 UPDATE |REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ACCURATE SOLUTIONS |GET IT 100% CORRECT!! ALREADY GRADED A+ Practice questions for this set Terms in this set (469) Learn 1 / 7 Study with Learn gastric acid production Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa are stimulated by *acetycholine, histamine, gastrin Receptor-mediated binding of acetylcholine, histamine, or gastrin results in *the activation of protein kinases, which in turn stimulates the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) proton pump Choose matching term 1 Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytic fungi should be treated with 2 receptor binding of prostaglandin E2 and somatostatin diminish 3 Benzoyl peroxide 4 Medical or Therapeutic Pharmacology Don't know? 12/13/24, 4:34 PM NURS8024 Pharm Exam 1 |2024 UPDATE |REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ACCURATE SOLUTIONS |GE… Gastrin and acetylcholine stimulate release of histamine receptor binding of prostaglandin E2 and somatostatin diminish gastric acid production Antacids weak bases that react with gastric acid to form water and a salt → diminishing gastric acidity Reduce pepsin activity - pepsin inactive at a pH 4 Wide variety* in chemical composition, acid- neutralizing capacity, sodium content, palatability, and price Acid neutralizing ability* of an antacid depends on its capacity to neutralize gastric HCl and on whether the stomach is full or empty • food delays stomach emptying, allowing more time for the antacid to react Therapeutic uses of antacids • Symptomatic relief of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) • May promote healing of duodenal ulcers, but not robust evidence for efficacy in Tx of acute gastric ulcers • Calcium carbonate preparations • also used as calcium supplements for the treatment of osteoporosis Commonly used antacid drugs Classes • Calcium salts: calcium carbonate: Tums/Rolaids • Sodium bicarbonate: Alka-Seltzer • Aluminum salts - Aluminum hydroxide: Amphojel; Aluminum carbonate: Basaljel • Magnesium salts/ magnesium oxide: Milk of Magnesia • Combination products • Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox, Mylanta) • Alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, calcium stearate (Gaviscon) 12/13/24, 4:34 PM NURS8024 Pharm Exam 1 |2024 UPDATE |REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ACCURATE SOLUTIONS |GE… Adverse effects of antacids • Aluminum hydroxide tends to be constipating • Magnesium hydroxide tends to cause diarrhea • Binding of phosphate by aluminum-containing antacids → hypophosphatemia • Sodium bicarbonate → belching and flatulence, potential for systemic alkalosis • Sodium content of antacids → can be important in pts w/ HTN or CHF • Excessive intake of calcium carbonate along w/ calcium foods → hypercalcemia Mucosal Protective Agents Cytoprotective compounds Sucralfate Bismuth Compounds Cytoprotective Compounds enhance mucosal protection mechanisms → preventing mucosal injury, ↓ inflammation, promotes healing of existing ulcers Sucralfate complex of aluminum hydroxide and sulfated sucrose • Small, poorly soluble molecule • Polymerizes in stomach acid → binds to injured tissue, forms physical barrier coating over ulcer bed- impairs diffusion of HCl and prevents degradation of mucus by pepsin and acid • Accelerates healing of peptic ulcers and ↓ recurrence rate • Stimulates prostaglandin release, mucus and bicarbonate output • *BIG drawback.... Must be taken qid• used in long- term maintenance therapy to prevent recurrence • Requires an acidic pH for activation -should not be administered with H2 antagonists or antacids • Little of the drug is absorbed systemically, very well tolerated • Can interfere w/ absorption of other drugs by binding to them • Does not prevent NSAID-induced ulcers Bismuth Compounds • Coats ulcers → protective layer against acid and pepsin • May stimulate prostaglandin, mucus, and bicarbonate secretion • Antimicrobial effect- binds enterotoxins • reduces stool frequency & liquidity in acute infectious diarrhea • Causes black stools- harmless • Avoid in renal insufficiency 12/13/24, 4:34 PM NURS8024 Pharm Exam 1 |2024 UPDATE |REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ACCURATE SOLUTIONS |GE… In geriatric patients avoid use of - antacids that contain magnesium in patients with renal failure - sodium-containing antacids because of fluid retention Antacids in Pediatrics Safety not established in children Antacids during pregnancy and lactation No FDA category established, although antacids generally are considered safe for use in pregnancy Antisecretory agents Histamine-2 receptor antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Examples of Histamine-2 receptor antagonists ranitidine, *cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine Examples of Proton pump inhibitors • omeprazole, esomeprazole • Lansoprazole, pantoprazole • rabeprazole H2 Receptor antagonists • MOA • Acts selectively on H2 receptors in the stomach, blood vessels, and other sites (no effect on H1 receptors) • Competitively blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptors • less effective than PPIs against stimulated secretion • Four drugs: cimetidine*. ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine • Can inhibit 90% basal, food-stimulated and nocturnal secretion of gastric acid after a single dose • Main clinical use is to inhibit gastric acid secretion • particularly effective against nocturnal acid secretion H2 Receptor antagonist ADEs • H2 antagonists very safe • ADE 3% of patients - diarrhea, h/a, fatigue, myalgias, constipation • Drugs such as ketoconazole, which depend on an acidic medium for gastric absorption, may not be efficiently absorbed if taken w/ H2 blocker • Not used for NSAID-induced ulcers • Better healing and prevention with PPIs