MICR 4423 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(unit 1) what characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - answers - palliative
and aggressive interventions
What were some common medical interventions before the 19th? - answers - blood
letting
Vomitting
Enema
Who defined the four humors theory? When was it defined? What are the four humors?
- answers - galon 150 a.d
Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood letting
Contrast the treatment required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the germ
theory of disease. - answers - 1. Germ theory--> miasma
- was about finding the bacteria and killing/stopping the growth of it
2. Four humors: finding a balance between your feces, urine, phlegm, and blood
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - answers - the first half of the 1940's
What was the first widely available antibiotic? - answers - penicillin
When were the first patients treated with it and when was it widely availible? - answers -
1. Albert alexander: 1941
2. Ann miller: 1942
Who was the first patient treated with penicillin who then went on to live a long life? -
answers - ann miller
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - answers - it helped because you were
then able to distinguish between different cell types and that allowed to narrow the
search of every type of cell
What physical property of slavarsan and prontosil made them difficult to administer? -
answers - they were not water soluble
What sulfanilamide-related disaster in tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of drug
labeling and composition - answers - the toxic raspberry elixir of sulfanilamide mixed
into diethyl glycogen
,2. Worked at the dunn school in oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
What were the three key advancements in penicillin production that were made at the
northern lab in peoria, il, and how did they take place? - answers - 1. Hyper producing
strain (from moldy cantaloupe)
2. Improved medium (corn steep liquor + sugur)
3. Deep tank fermentation (scale it up)
What got us pharmaceutical companies interested in penicillin production? - answers -
1. Got to keep all intellectual property
2. $200 per million unit
3. Tax breaks
4. Get all info already known about the drug
What disaster in boston puts penicillin in the spotlight? Why is this ironic? - answers -
the cocoanut grove fire
-led to stricter enforcement on fire code and innovations in the treatment of burn victims
After penicillin, what was the next antibiotic to be discovered? Who discovered it? What
class of antibiotics does it represent? What class of microorganisms produces it? What
was it good for that penicillin was not? - answers - 1. Streptomycin--> watkins and shatz
2. Class--> aminoglycosides
3. Class of microorganism--> actinomycetes
4. It cured tuberculosis (tb)
Why did it matter that aureomycin and terramycin were chemically distinct, despite
being extremely similar? - answers - in order for them to be patented as different drug
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - answers - fleming: he first discovered it in his lab, discovered it creates
a clearing on agar plates against bacteria and learned it does not harm humans
What was the principal problem that prevented fleming from developing penicillin as a
treatment? - answers - fleming was unable to make enough of it to test it in trials, he
was not a good chemist
Who composed the team that brought treatment w penicillin from an idea to reality, and
what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct the bulk of their
work? - answers - 1. Dunn school team
a. Florey--> project leader
b. Chain--> chemist
c. Heatley--> engineer/mechanical genius
, How do gram-positive and gram-negative cells typically differ with respect to their cell
envelope? Be able to answer this question by drawing a schematic. - answers - 1. G (+):
has only cytoplasmic membrane and thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)
2. G (-): has cytoplasmic membrane, thin cell wall, and outer membrane (lps) which acts
as a barrier (harder for abx to get through)
3. G(-): draw inner mem, cell wall, outer mem
4. G(+): inner mem and cell wall
Why are gram-negative organisms typically more resistant to antibiotics? - answers -
the outer membrane acts as a barrier and makes it harder to abx to get through
-particularly to molecules that are big
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan. Which parts are relatively flexible and which
parts are not? - answers - made up of glycan strands that are made of alternating nag
and nam, also has peptides and peptide crosslinks
-connects 3---4 on the peptide crosslinks
-peptide x-bridges: flexible, extensible
-glycan strands: rigid, inextensible
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? How many molecules compose the cell
wall surrounding an individual bacterium? - answers - 1. Give cell shape and resists
turgor pressure (stuff that makes lettuce crunchy)
Why turgor pressure? -due to cytoplasm being full of biomolecules and it wants to dilute
those molecules
2. One molecule composes the cell wall, and they are all covalently linked together
Why do bacterial cells have to have carefully coordinated enzymatic activities on the cell
wall in order to grow? - answers - -it is a single macromolecule, you have to be able to
break bonds in order for it to grow, but you must balance the growth of the wall but still
break the bonds
-has to still do its job even while it continues
For a rod-shaped bacterial cell, cell wall growth can be divided into two distinct phases.
What are they? Which of these is the only phase for a spherical cell? - answers - 1.
Elongation and division
2. Spherical=division
- describe a peptidoglycan precursor molecule in terms of the number of smaller
molecular groups that it is made from. You can draw a diagram. - answers - 1. Nag
connected to nam
2. Glycan strands coming off the nam
(unit 1) what characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - answers - palliative
and aggressive interventions
What were some common medical interventions before the 19th? - answers - blood
letting
Vomitting
Enema
Who defined the four humors theory? When was it defined? What are the four humors?
- answers - galon 150 a.d
Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood letting
Contrast the treatment required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the germ
theory of disease. - answers - 1. Germ theory--> miasma
- was about finding the bacteria and killing/stopping the growth of it
2. Four humors: finding a balance between your feces, urine, phlegm, and blood
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - answers - the first half of the 1940's
What was the first widely available antibiotic? - answers - penicillin
When were the first patients treated with it and when was it widely availible? - answers -
1. Albert alexander: 1941
2. Ann miller: 1942
Who was the first patient treated with penicillin who then went on to live a long life? -
answers - ann miller
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - answers - it helped because you were
then able to distinguish between different cell types and that allowed to narrow the
search of every type of cell
What physical property of slavarsan and prontosil made them difficult to administer? -
answers - they were not water soluble
What sulfanilamide-related disaster in tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of drug
labeling and composition - answers - the toxic raspberry elixir of sulfanilamide mixed
into diethyl glycogen
,2. Worked at the dunn school in oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
What were the three key advancements in penicillin production that were made at the
northern lab in peoria, il, and how did they take place? - answers - 1. Hyper producing
strain (from moldy cantaloupe)
2. Improved medium (corn steep liquor + sugur)
3. Deep tank fermentation (scale it up)
What got us pharmaceutical companies interested in penicillin production? - answers -
1. Got to keep all intellectual property
2. $200 per million unit
3. Tax breaks
4. Get all info already known about the drug
What disaster in boston puts penicillin in the spotlight? Why is this ironic? - answers -
the cocoanut grove fire
-led to stricter enforcement on fire code and innovations in the treatment of burn victims
After penicillin, what was the next antibiotic to be discovered? Who discovered it? What
class of antibiotics does it represent? What class of microorganisms produces it? What
was it good for that penicillin was not? - answers - 1. Streptomycin--> watkins and shatz
2. Class--> aminoglycosides
3. Class of microorganism--> actinomycetes
4. It cured tuberculosis (tb)
Why did it matter that aureomycin and terramycin were chemically distinct, despite
being extremely similar? - answers - in order for them to be patented as different drug
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - answers - fleming: he first discovered it in his lab, discovered it creates
a clearing on agar plates against bacteria and learned it does not harm humans
What was the principal problem that prevented fleming from developing penicillin as a
treatment? - answers - fleming was unable to make enough of it to test it in trials, he
was not a good chemist
Who composed the team that brought treatment w penicillin from an idea to reality, and
what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct the bulk of their
work? - answers - 1. Dunn school team
a. Florey--> project leader
b. Chain--> chemist
c. Heatley--> engineer/mechanical genius
, How do gram-positive and gram-negative cells typically differ with respect to their cell
envelope? Be able to answer this question by drawing a schematic. - answers - 1. G (+):
has only cytoplasmic membrane and thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)
2. G (-): has cytoplasmic membrane, thin cell wall, and outer membrane (lps) which acts
as a barrier (harder for abx to get through)
3. G(-): draw inner mem, cell wall, outer mem
4. G(+): inner mem and cell wall
Why are gram-negative organisms typically more resistant to antibiotics? - answers -
the outer membrane acts as a barrier and makes it harder to abx to get through
-particularly to molecules that are big
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan. Which parts are relatively flexible and which
parts are not? - answers - made up of glycan strands that are made of alternating nag
and nam, also has peptides and peptide crosslinks
-connects 3---4 on the peptide crosslinks
-peptide x-bridges: flexible, extensible
-glycan strands: rigid, inextensible
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? How many molecules compose the cell
wall surrounding an individual bacterium? - answers - 1. Give cell shape and resists
turgor pressure (stuff that makes lettuce crunchy)
Why turgor pressure? -due to cytoplasm being full of biomolecules and it wants to dilute
those molecules
2. One molecule composes the cell wall, and they are all covalently linked together
Why do bacterial cells have to have carefully coordinated enzymatic activities on the cell
wall in order to grow? - answers - -it is a single macromolecule, you have to be able to
break bonds in order for it to grow, but you must balance the growth of the wall but still
break the bonds
-has to still do its job even while it continues
For a rod-shaped bacterial cell, cell wall growth can be divided into two distinct phases.
What are they? Which of these is the only phase for a spherical cell? - answers - 1.
Elongation and division
2. Spherical=division
- describe a peptidoglycan precursor molecule in terms of the number of smaller
molecular groups that it is made from. You can draw a diagram. - answers - 1. Nag
connected to nam
2. Glycan strands coming off the nam
