Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
1. Key xxterms
2. Aporia Greek xxterm xxfor xxan xxexperience xxin xxwhich xxwe
xxarrive xxat xxa xxstate xxof xxconfusion xxwhen xxwe
xxrealize xxthat xxwe
hold xxcontradictory xxviewpoints xxand/or
xxpremises. xxIt's xxdis- xxtressing xxbut xximportant
xxand xxproductive.
Socrates xxemployed xxthe xx'Aporetic xxMethod' xxin
xxorder xxto xxbring xxthis xxabout xxin xxpeople xxas xxa
xxway xxof
motivating xxthe xxpursuit xxof xxwisdom.
3. Epistemology The xxbranch xxof xxphilosophy xxthat xxfocuses xxon
xxtrying xxto xxunder- xxstand xxhow xxwe xxcan xxbest
xxdetermine
knowledge xxclaims, xxtruths, xxand xxthe
xxlimits/possibilities xxof xxhuman xxunderstanding.
xxIt's xxoften xxreferred xxto
as xx'Theories xxof xxKnowledge," xxand xxevaluates
xxdifferent xxclaims xxabout xxwhat xxcounts xxas
xxjustified
'knowledge' xxas xxopposed xxto xxmere xx'opinions.'
4. Metaphysics The xxbranch xxof xxphilosophy xxthat xxfocuses xxon
xxtrying xxto xxunder- xxstand xx(and xxmake
xxarguments xxabout) xxthe
nature xxof xxexistence/reality xxand xxthe xxhuman
xxplace xxin xxit.
While xxit xxincludes xxancient xxquestions xxlike xx"is
xxtheir
one xxsubstance xxat xxthe xxroot xxof xxall xxthings?," xxit
xxis xxalso xxinter- xxested xxin xxthings xxthat xxare xxnot
xxjust xxof xxa
'physicalist' xxnature, xxsuch xxas xx"What's xxthe
xxnature xxof xxWill? xxOf xxthe xxSoul? xxAnd xxis xxthere
xxa xxreality xxbehind xxthe
realm xxof xxAppearances?
5. Premise A xxprinciple xxor xxassumption xxlying xxat xxthe
1 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
xxfoundations xxof xxa
viewpoint xxor xxclaim.
6. subjectivity Personhood. xxWhere xxa xxperson xxis xxa xx"subject" xxin
xxthe xxsense
of xxthe xxsubject xxof xxexistence.
7. Telos/teleologi- Greek xxterm xxreferring xxto xxPurpose-seeking xxin xxlife.
xxcal xxIt xxcontains xxthe xxidea xxthat xxa xxpart xxof xxbeing xxa
xxperson xx(a
'subject') xxis xxthat xxwe xxlive xxlife xxin xxa xxpurposeful
xxproject-oriented xxway
8. Action
2 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
Arendt's xxterm xxfor xxthe xxcategory xxof xxhuman
xxliving xxin xxwhich xxwe xxexpress xxourselves xxto xxthe
xxworld xxand
involve xxourselves xxin xxsociety xxthrough xxspeech
xxand xxdeeds. xxIt xxis xxongoing, xxa xxpart xxof xxour
xxunfolding xx'story',
in xxterms xxof xxhow xxwe xxuse xxour xxfreedom/agency
xxto xxtake xxinitia- xxtive xxand xxinsert xxourselves xxinto
xxthe xxsocial
world. xxAction xxcannot xxbe xxreversed, xxwhich
xxmeans xxwe xxshould xxapproach xxit xxresponsibly.
xxShe xxalso xxnames xxtwo xxunique xxforms xxof
xxAction xxthat xxwe xxneed xxin xxlife xxgenerally, xxand
xxwhich xxcan xxhelp xxset xxthe xxPolitical xxon xxa
xxproper xxcourse: xxmak- xxing/keeping xxPromises,
xxand xxForgiving.
9. Approximation Kierkegaard's xxterm xxfor xxthe xxbest xxthat xxan
xxObjective xx(logical) xxapproach xxto xxthe xxquestion
xxof xxreligious xxtruth xxcan xxdo. xxBeing xx'objective'
xxabout xxsuch xxthings xxis xxfine xxup xxto xxa xxpoint,
xxbut xxit xxwill xxonly xxever xxget xxyou xxan
xx'approximate' xxsense xxof xxthe xxreality xxof xxGod
xxand xxthe xxtruth xxof xxfaith. xxBy xxcontrast,
xx'subjective' xxcertainty xxis
needed. xx(See xxPassion, xxInwardness, xxParadox,
xxand xxObjec- xxtive xxvs. xxSubjective xxFaith.)
10. Cosmology We xxlooked xxat xxthis xxspecifically xxin xxrelation xxto
xxNative xxAmeri- xxcan xxPhilosophy's xxversion xxof
xxmetaphysics,
although xxCosmology xxis xxalso xxfound xxin xxother
xxforms xxof xxphi- xxlosophy. xxIt xxincludes xxthe xxstudy
xxof xxthe xxoverall
nature xxof xxreality xx(metaphysics), xxbut xxit
xxemphasizes xxa xxspiri- xxtual xxdimension xxin xxthis
xxreality. xxThus, xxNative
American xxcosmology xxsees xxthe xx'sacred' xxin xxall
xxthings xxand xxplaces. xx(See xxGreat xxSpirit.
3 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
11. Four The xxoriginal xxmain xxteachings xxof xxthe xxBuddha.
xxNoble xxThey xxem- xxphasize xxthe xxreality xxof xxsuffering xxas
xxTruths xxthe xxhuman xxcondition xx(because xxof xxour xxcycles
xxof xxdesire xxand xxdissatisfaction), xxand xxthe
xximportance xxof xxNirvana xxand xxthe xxNoble xxEight-
Fold xxPath xxas xxthe xxway xxforward xxthrough xxsuch
xxsuffering.
12. Free-Will xxArgu-
xxment xx(in
Critics xxof xxthe xxTeleological xxArgument xx(see
xxrelation xxto
xxbelow) xxask: xxIf xxthere xxis xxa xxsupreme xxGod xxwho
xxquestion xxof
xxhas xxdesigned xxand
xxGod's
who xxgoverns xxthe xxworld xxso xxwonderfully, xxthen
xxexistence)
xxwhy xxis xxthere xxevil xxand xxsuffering? xxA xxprominent
xxChristian
4 xx/
xx33
xx2023
1. Key xxterms
2. Aporia Greek xxterm xxfor xxan xxexperience xxin xxwhich xxwe
xxarrive xxat xxa xxstate xxof xxconfusion xxwhen xxwe
xxrealize xxthat xxwe
hold xxcontradictory xxviewpoints xxand/or
xxpremises. xxIt's xxdis- xxtressing xxbut xximportant
xxand xxproductive.
Socrates xxemployed xxthe xx'Aporetic xxMethod' xxin
xxorder xxto xxbring xxthis xxabout xxin xxpeople xxas xxa
xxway xxof
motivating xxthe xxpursuit xxof xxwisdom.
3. Epistemology The xxbranch xxof xxphilosophy xxthat xxfocuses xxon
xxtrying xxto xxunder- xxstand xxhow xxwe xxcan xxbest
xxdetermine
knowledge xxclaims, xxtruths, xxand xxthe
xxlimits/possibilities xxof xxhuman xxunderstanding.
xxIt's xxoften xxreferred xxto
as xx'Theories xxof xxKnowledge," xxand xxevaluates
xxdifferent xxclaims xxabout xxwhat xxcounts xxas
xxjustified
'knowledge' xxas xxopposed xxto xxmere xx'opinions.'
4. Metaphysics The xxbranch xxof xxphilosophy xxthat xxfocuses xxon
xxtrying xxto xxunder- xxstand xx(and xxmake
xxarguments xxabout) xxthe
nature xxof xxexistence/reality xxand xxthe xxhuman
xxplace xxin xxit.
While xxit xxincludes xxancient xxquestions xxlike xx"is
xxtheir
one xxsubstance xxat xxthe xxroot xxof xxall xxthings?," xxit
xxis xxalso xxinter- xxested xxin xxthings xxthat xxare xxnot
xxjust xxof xxa
'physicalist' xxnature, xxsuch xxas xx"What's xxthe
xxnature xxof xxWill? xxOf xxthe xxSoul? xxAnd xxis xxthere
xxa xxreality xxbehind xxthe
realm xxof xxAppearances?
5. Premise A xxprinciple xxor xxassumption xxlying xxat xxthe
1 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
xxfoundations xxof xxa
viewpoint xxor xxclaim.
6. subjectivity Personhood. xxWhere xxa xxperson xxis xxa xx"subject" xxin
xxthe xxsense
of xxthe xxsubject xxof xxexistence.
7. Telos/teleologi- Greek xxterm xxreferring xxto xxPurpose-seeking xxin xxlife.
xxcal xxIt xxcontains xxthe xxidea xxthat xxa xxpart xxof xxbeing xxa
xxperson xx(a
'subject') xxis xxthat xxwe xxlive xxlife xxin xxa xxpurposeful
xxproject-oriented xxway
8. Action
2 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
Arendt's xxterm xxfor xxthe xxcategory xxof xxhuman
xxliving xxin xxwhich xxwe xxexpress xxourselves xxto xxthe
xxworld xxand
involve xxourselves xxin xxsociety xxthrough xxspeech
xxand xxdeeds. xxIt xxis xxongoing, xxa xxpart xxof xxour
xxunfolding xx'story',
in xxterms xxof xxhow xxwe xxuse xxour xxfreedom/agency
xxto xxtake xxinitia- xxtive xxand xxinsert xxourselves xxinto
xxthe xxsocial
world. xxAction xxcannot xxbe xxreversed, xxwhich
xxmeans xxwe xxshould xxapproach xxit xxresponsibly.
xxShe xxalso xxnames xxtwo xxunique xxforms xxof
xxAction xxthat xxwe xxneed xxin xxlife xxgenerally, xxand
xxwhich xxcan xxhelp xxset xxthe xxPolitical xxon xxa
xxproper xxcourse: xxmak- xxing/keeping xxPromises,
xxand xxForgiving.
9. Approximation Kierkegaard's xxterm xxfor xxthe xxbest xxthat xxan
xxObjective xx(logical) xxapproach xxto xxthe xxquestion
xxof xxreligious xxtruth xxcan xxdo. xxBeing xx'objective'
xxabout xxsuch xxthings xxis xxfine xxup xxto xxa xxpoint,
xxbut xxit xxwill xxonly xxever xxget xxyou xxan
xx'approximate' xxsense xxof xxthe xxreality xxof xxGod
xxand xxthe xxtruth xxof xxfaith. xxBy xxcontrast,
xx'subjective' xxcertainty xxis
needed. xx(See xxPassion, xxInwardness, xxParadox,
xxand xxObjec- xxtive xxvs. xxSubjective xxFaith.)
10. Cosmology We xxlooked xxat xxthis xxspecifically xxin xxrelation xxto
xxNative xxAmeri- xxcan xxPhilosophy's xxversion xxof
xxmetaphysics,
although xxCosmology xxis xxalso xxfound xxin xxother
xxforms xxof xxphi- xxlosophy. xxIt xxincludes xxthe xxstudy
xxof xxthe xxoverall
nature xxof xxreality xx(metaphysics), xxbut xxit
xxemphasizes xxa xxspiri- xxtual xxdimension xxin xxthis
xxreality. xxThus, xxNative
American xxcosmology xxsees xxthe xx'sacred' xxin xxall
xxthings xxand xxplaces. xx(See xxGreat xxSpirit.
3 xx/
xx33
, Phil101 xxyates xxjmu xxfinal xxexam xxfall
xx2023
11. Four The xxoriginal xxmain xxteachings xxof xxthe xxBuddha.
xxNoble xxThey xxem- xxphasize xxthe xxreality xxof xxsuffering xxas
xxTruths xxthe xxhuman xxcondition xx(because xxof xxour xxcycles
xxof xxdesire xxand xxdissatisfaction), xxand xxthe
xximportance xxof xxNirvana xxand xxthe xxNoble xxEight-
Fold xxPath xxas xxthe xxway xxforward xxthrough xxsuch
xxsuffering.
12. Free-Will xxArgu-
xxment xx(in
Critics xxof xxthe xxTeleological xxArgument xx(see
xxrelation xxto
xxbelow) xxask: xxIf xxthere xxis xxa xxsupreme xxGod xxwho
xxquestion xxof
xxhas xxdesigned xxand
xxGod's
who xxgoverns xxthe xxworld xxso xxwonderfully, xxthen
xxexistence)
xxwhy xxis xxthere xxevil xxand xxsuffering? xxA xxprominent
xxChristian
4 xx/
xx33
