Biol 240 - UW - Final Exam questions and answers graded
A+
A new halophile in the dead sea was found. What will its cell wall look like? - ANSWER
-It is an archaea so something with NAG and NAT
What is the correct match for Tubulin? - ANSWER -FtsZ
What is the correct match for Actin? - ANSWER -MreB
What is the correct match for Plasmids? - ANSWER -ParM
What is the correct match for Cellulose? - ANSWER -Algae
Pseudopods - ANSWER -Small "false feet". Powered by actin and ATP for mobility
Heterotrophic - ANSWER -A carbon eater
Fungi - ANSWER -Heterotrophic; cell walls of chitin; used to make bread, beer, wine.
Easy, cheap tool to study eukaryotic structures/gene expression
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been heavily studied. It is the model organism for
what? - ANSWER -Fungi
Fungi, Protozoa, and Slime Molds all use what type of metabolism? - ANSWER -
Heterotrophic
Algae uses what type of metabolism? - ANSWER -Phototrophic
Which of the following may have pseudopods and often do not have cell walls? -
ANSWER -Protozoa and Slime Molds
Which of the following eukaryotes can be non-motile? - ANSWER -Fungi and Algae
Which of the following eukaryotes can have flagella? - ANSWER -Protozoa and Algae
Fungi - Chytridiomycota - ANSWER -Early branching, "watermolds", Laurel Creek
banks
Fungi - Zygomycota - ANSWER -Rhizopus, bread mold!, lab contamination
Fungi - Glomeromycota - ANSWER -Mycorrhizal fungi. Extremely important for
plants/trees.
Fungi - Ascomycota - ANSWER -Called "spore shooters", cup/sac fungi, yeast
,Fungi - Basidiomycota - ANSWER -Called "spore droppers", "club fungi", traditional
mushroom producing fungi
Protozoa - ANSWER -As a whole, a (very) broad category. Some heterotrophic, some
photosynthetic. Variable cell walls and different motility strategies. Different reproduction
strategies
Protzoa - Giardia Lamblia - ANSWER -Genetically "old", lacks mitochondria. Causes
human disease (Giardia infection, Beaver Fever). Uses fermentation metabolism
Slime Moulds - Model Organisms - ANSWER -Dictyostelium discoideum - NOT still
protozoan. Model for studying ecology, cell motility, and cell-cell communication
Physarum - Fuses many cells into a continuous, multinucleate giant cell
Algae - ANSWER -Many are multicellular. All are photosynthetic with cellulose cell
walls
Chlamydomonas - ANSWER -The model organism for algae. Has a two-flagella form
good for studying eukaryal flagella biogenesis/function. Durable and easy to grow. Use
an "eye" spot in the cell (little red spot) to detect light and decide how close to sit to the
waters surface
Replication of Eukaryotic Microorganisms - ANSWER -Life cycles are more
complicated due to haploid/diploid states. Possibilities for sexual or asexual
reproduction
Mitosis - ANSWER -Basic cell division that produces two identical cells from one
original cell
Meiosis - ANSWER -Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The haploid cells
are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell
division
Genetic Recombination - ANSWER -Segregation of maternal/paternal chromosomes. A
"crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation, this ensures each
haploid cell is genetically distinct
Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Can undergo meiosis to form an ascus
(skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to reproduce
sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation. Budding
off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small cells
bud off they leave scars behind on the larger cells
, Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Chlamydomonas maintains a motile
haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid cells differentiate and
fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)
Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Exists in a haploid unicellular form
until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a fruiting body.
Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells. Haploid cells
can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis to generate
more haploid cells
Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? - ANSWER -All NAGs
Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? - ANSWER -To generate large
numbers of gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the impact of
detrimental genes
Penicillin acts on what? - ANSWER -FtsI and Transpeptidation
True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped
around a core pair of microtubules - ANSWER -True
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSWER -Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago, but
eukaryotes appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive microorganism
(archaea) engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a proteobacteria), forming a
symbiosis. At least two endosymbiotic events must have occurred (mitochondria,
chloroplasts)
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSWER -Mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble
bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has all ester
linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to bacterial
sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception - ANSWER -Amitochondriates lack
mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy (Giardia is an
example)
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells - ANSWER -Two cells together are better than one
alone. When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas died, but
some survived
Endosymbiosis Experiment - ANSWER -Hypothesis - Viable bacteria remained inside
the surviving amoebas
Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibiotics
Results - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died
Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival
, Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. - ANSWER -It hosts
them and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are exposed to the light.
They take CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light is gone and sugar
stops being produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and digest it
Malaria - ANSWER -An infection of red blood cells by protists
Diseases Caused by Microbes - ANSWER -The challenge in treating these conditions
is that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not the host
(which is made of eukaryotic cells)
Fungi and Human Disease - ANSWER -Fungi are less likely to cause disease, but can
do so in immuno-compromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral thrush and athletes
foot
Fungi and Plant Disease - ANSWER -Protozoa and fungi can cause significant disease
in plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's. Phytophthora infestans
causes potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate. Phytophthora have cell walls
made of cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of looks like plants
Rhytisma (Tar Spot) - ANSWER -Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar spots will
shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform photosynthesis. It
is a parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the tree generally
doesn't suffer. Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality is good.
Japanese maple trees are immune to this
Cordyceps - ANSWER -Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow out of the ants
dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything below
Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes - ANSWER -Primary producers provide energy.
Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis in the oceans.
Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead animals and
plants so that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal microbes can
degrade cellulose, recycling plant matter better than animals can
Tadigrades (Water Bears) - ANSWER -Not always tough. They are only tough when
they are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere near are
tough as gram positive bacteria
Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? - ANSWER -
Hydrogenoclastic
If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? - ANSWER -Chytridiomycota
Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? - ANSWER -Ascomycota
A+
A new halophile in the dead sea was found. What will its cell wall look like? - ANSWER
-It is an archaea so something with NAG and NAT
What is the correct match for Tubulin? - ANSWER -FtsZ
What is the correct match for Actin? - ANSWER -MreB
What is the correct match for Plasmids? - ANSWER -ParM
What is the correct match for Cellulose? - ANSWER -Algae
Pseudopods - ANSWER -Small "false feet". Powered by actin and ATP for mobility
Heterotrophic - ANSWER -A carbon eater
Fungi - ANSWER -Heterotrophic; cell walls of chitin; used to make bread, beer, wine.
Easy, cheap tool to study eukaryotic structures/gene expression
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been heavily studied. It is the model organism for
what? - ANSWER -Fungi
Fungi, Protozoa, and Slime Molds all use what type of metabolism? - ANSWER -
Heterotrophic
Algae uses what type of metabolism? - ANSWER -Phototrophic
Which of the following may have pseudopods and often do not have cell walls? -
ANSWER -Protozoa and Slime Molds
Which of the following eukaryotes can be non-motile? - ANSWER -Fungi and Algae
Which of the following eukaryotes can have flagella? - ANSWER -Protozoa and Algae
Fungi - Chytridiomycota - ANSWER -Early branching, "watermolds", Laurel Creek
banks
Fungi - Zygomycota - ANSWER -Rhizopus, bread mold!, lab contamination
Fungi - Glomeromycota - ANSWER -Mycorrhizal fungi. Extremely important for
plants/trees.
Fungi - Ascomycota - ANSWER -Called "spore shooters", cup/sac fungi, yeast
,Fungi - Basidiomycota - ANSWER -Called "spore droppers", "club fungi", traditional
mushroom producing fungi
Protozoa - ANSWER -As a whole, a (very) broad category. Some heterotrophic, some
photosynthetic. Variable cell walls and different motility strategies. Different reproduction
strategies
Protzoa - Giardia Lamblia - ANSWER -Genetically "old", lacks mitochondria. Causes
human disease (Giardia infection, Beaver Fever). Uses fermentation metabolism
Slime Moulds - Model Organisms - ANSWER -Dictyostelium discoideum - NOT still
protozoan. Model for studying ecology, cell motility, and cell-cell communication
Physarum - Fuses many cells into a continuous, multinucleate giant cell
Algae - ANSWER -Many are multicellular. All are photosynthetic with cellulose cell
walls
Chlamydomonas - ANSWER -The model organism for algae. Has a two-flagella form
good for studying eukaryal flagella biogenesis/function. Durable and easy to grow. Use
an "eye" spot in the cell (little red spot) to detect light and decide how close to sit to the
waters surface
Replication of Eukaryotic Microorganisms - ANSWER -Life cycles are more
complicated due to haploid/diploid states. Possibilities for sexual or asexual
reproduction
Mitosis - ANSWER -Basic cell division that produces two identical cells from one
original cell
Meiosis - ANSWER -Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The haploid cells
are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell
division
Genetic Recombination - ANSWER -Segregation of maternal/paternal chromosomes. A
"crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation, this ensures each
haploid cell is genetically distinct
Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Can undergo meiosis to form an ascus
(skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to reproduce
sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation. Budding
off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small cells
bud off they leave scars behind on the larger cells
, Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Chlamydomonas maintains a motile
haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid cells differentiate and
fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)
Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle - ANSWER -Exists in a haploid unicellular form
until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a fruiting body.
Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells. Haploid cells
can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis to generate
more haploid cells
Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? - ANSWER -All NAGs
Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? - ANSWER -To generate large
numbers of gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the impact of
detrimental genes
Penicillin acts on what? - ANSWER -FtsI and Transpeptidation
True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped
around a core pair of microtubules - ANSWER -True
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSWER -Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago, but
eukaryotes appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive microorganism
(archaea) engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a proteobacteria), forming a
symbiosis. At least two endosymbiotic events must have occurred (mitochondria,
chloroplasts)
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSWER -Mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble
bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has all ester
linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to bacterial
sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception - ANSWER -Amitochondriates lack
mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy (Giardia is an
example)
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells - ANSWER -Two cells together are better than one
alone. When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas died, but
some survived
Endosymbiosis Experiment - ANSWER -Hypothesis - Viable bacteria remained inside
the surviving amoebas
Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibiotics
Results - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died
Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival
, Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. - ANSWER -It hosts
them and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are exposed to the light.
They take CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light is gone and sugar
stops being produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and digest it
Malaria - ANSWER -An infection of red blood cells by protists
Diseases Caused by Microbes - ANSWER -The challenge in treating these conditions
is that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not the host
(which is made of eukaryotic cells)
Fungi and Human Disease - ANSWER -Fungi are less likely to cause disease, but can
do so in immuno-compromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral thrush and athletes
foot
Fungi and Plant Disease - ANSWER -Protozoa and fungi can cause significant disease
in plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's. Phytophthora infestans
causes potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate. Phytophthora have cell walls
made of cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of looks like plants
Rhytisma (Tar Spot) - ANSWER -Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar spots will
shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform photosynthesis. It
is a parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the tree generally
doesn't suffer. Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality is good.
Japanese maple trees are immune to this
Cordyceps - ANSWER -Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow out of the ants
dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything below
Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes - ANSWER -Primary producers provide energy.
Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis in the oceans.
Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead animals and
plants so that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal microbes can
degrade cellulose, recycling plant matter better than animals can
Tadigrades (Water Bears) - ANSWER -Not always tough. They are only tough when
they are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere near are
tough as gram positive bacteria
Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? - ANSWER -
Hydrogenoclastic
If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? - ANSWER -Chytridiomycota
Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? - ANSWER -Ascomycota
