ENGR-482 exam 3 Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update

ENGR-482 exam 3 Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update Common Sense View - Answers 1. Objects are mere tools 2. have no moral properties 3. can't blame bomb for wrongdoing if it kills people Strong view - Answers 1. Technological artifacts do have moral properties 2. Based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT): the boundary between objects and subjects (humans) are no longer possible to uphold Moderate View - Answers 1. Objects can't be part of the subject 2. the object can't be morally responsible 3. Artifacts do have relevance based on new abilities it gives humans first-order responsibility - Answers responsibility to carry out morally right actions second-order responsibility - Answers responsibility to make sure that there are some morally good actions to choose Kantian thesis: ought vs. can - Answers ought= obligation can = possibility new actions become that weren't -- may change our moral obligations Is Technology Neutral - Answers 1. claims technology is not neautral b/c it has a value system Is Technology Neutral NEUTRAL - Answers tech. is not neutral as in chemistry "having no effect". counter arguments say that technologies are neutral: they are simply tools than can be used one way or another Is Technology Neutral MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY - Answers combo of art and reason used to satisfy industrial, commercial and social objectives Is Technology Neutral VALUES OF TECHNOLOGY - Answers 1. major values: objectivity, quantification, and utilitarianism 2. lesser value terms: efficieny and a systems approach which emphasizes function over device Is Technology Neutral TECHNOLOTY ENFRAMING - Answers 1. The earth is not a standing reserve, this is dangerous ical framing viewpoint is correct, but incomplete. it is dangerous to mistaken correctness for completeness Heidegger's Perspective - Answers one major consequence of the anthropocentric utilitarian viewpoint of tech. is that it treats the world as a "standing reserve" Technology and Society - Answers (Whelchel) relationship between tech and society is bilateral, not unilateral Technology as a Human Enterprise - Answers (Whelchel) 1. as practitioners of tech, we need to ensure that the tech view-point does not become the sole ethos of our sciety. It is our duty, to ourselves, as well as to society, to abet cultural diversity 2. appreciation of tech. by those outside its realm is need to further its artistic side technological optimism - Answers the effects of technology on human well-being are good technological pessimism - Answers technology will lead to undesirable effects technological determinism - Answers technological development has a life of its own that cannot be controlled by individual humans or even society critical approach to technology - Answers 1. democratic deliberation on technology: engineers should assist in intelligent and informed democratic deliberation on science and tech. policy 2. Critical attitude in design: engineers must identify and responsibly consider value issues in the design process to lead to more creative design and a more humanly satisfying life strong anthropocentrism - Answers human centered humans desiresnon-human needs weak anthropocentrism - Answers humans have priority, but the well being of non humanoid organisms is given more consideration biocentrism - Answers life-centered, holders see humans as fellow citizens of the world, but the ranks of citizens include other organisms -claims anthropocentric is myopic instrumental value - Answers value given to a thing due to how it participates in or enabled an end or goal beyond itsself intrinsic value - Answers value of something that is the ultimate aim of at least one thing valued instrumentally wilderness act of 1964 - Answers recognized intrinsic value of wild lands National env. protection act of 1969 - Answers authorized the formation of the EPA Clean Water Act - Answers sets water quality standards and requires permitting when pollutants are discharged in navigable waters The Clean Water Act (1972) - Answers gives EPA power to set water quality standards to surface water and for industrial wastewater, and it requires that all sources that discharge pollutants into navigable water to be permitted Clean Air Act - Answers sets national ambient air quality standards and allows regulation of air pollutants 1990 Amendment of Clean Air Act - Answers used "cap and trade" to address acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air pollutants Revised montreal protocol - Answers eliminated ozone-depleting chemicals such as CFCs Kyoto Protocol - Answers sets international standards for reducing GHG emissions NSPE Sustainable Development - Answers engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable development in order to protect the environment for future generations ASCE: engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their duties Sustainable Development - Answers Brundtland Report: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Life Cycle Analysis (autodesk) - Answers 1. define the problem by looking at the whole system 2. prioritize objectives by assessing life-cycle impacts 3. Brainstorm solutions by looking at the whole system 4. use metrics to evaluate and choose solutions 5. repeat Life Cycle Analysis (Audi) - Answers 1. development phase: assess materials and semi-finished product 2. production phase: assess component and completed vehicle 3. use phase: asses the fuel/electricity 4. recylcing phase: assess process chains of valuable materials goal of life cycles analysis - Answers analyze the effects of a product on the environment during its entire existence, from production to its period of use and its end-of-life recycling -this shifts focus to making products sustainable without driving costs way up or performance way down Washington Accord - Answers equivalent accreditation systems for uniformity in education programs so employers world wide can know that engineers have mastered a common body of knowledge ABET - Answers Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology US accrediting EUR ING - Answers Accepted in 30 European countries Equivalent to PE in America FEANI - Answers Organization established for common standards in Europe for licensing individual engineers they award the EUR ING professional title absolutist and relativist - Answers boundary problem faced when engineers enter a different culture moral laxism and rigorism - Answers involves how moral standards should be applied moral laxism - Answers -holds that in some situation moral principles appear so far removed from the situations at hand that they cannot be applied with any precision, so that almost any action is permissible -may involve serious violations of moral standards at wither the home or host country moral rigorism - Answers holds that moral principles, whether they are those of the home country or host country, must be strictly applied in every situation universal human rights - Answers -in international gov. documents -a right that every country should grant to its citizens CRITERIA: -protect something of very general importance -subject to substantial and recurrent threat -obligations or burdens be affordable in relation to the country's resources, its other obligations, and fairness of distributing burden to citizens exploitation - Answers act of treating other unfairly to benefit from their work an international company buys materials considerably below the world market, pays workers the lowest wages, pays off government officials, and has significant control over the world market, while making huge profits Bribery - Answers The act of giving money or equivalent to another to persuade them for favor an international company bribes a government official in exchange for violating some official duty or responsibility Extortion - Answers The act of obtaining something through force or threats an international company is required to make payments to the government as a condition of operating in that country Grease payments - Answers the act of paying government officials to facilitate routine bureaucratic decisions an international company pays the government to get legitimate goods through customs to prevent excessive or virtually permanent delays in the processing of a permit Nepotism - Answers The act of those in power favoring relatives or friends Excessive gifts - Answers the act of giving excessive gifts in exchange for trust Paternalism - Answers The act of overriding the ability of others to decide what they should or