BIOLOGY 1201 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
What is another name for cell to cell communication?
a. signal transition
b. signal transduction
c. signal translation
d. signal transference
e. all of the above - ANSWER-b. signal transduction
Paracrine signaling is when:
a. signal molecules pass through gap junctions to neighboring cells
b. signal molecules pass through the bloodstream to other cells
c. signal molecules cause two separate cells to fuse
d. signal molecules pass from one cell to a nearby cell
e. all of the above - ANSWER-d. signal molecules pass from one cell to a nearby cell
If something is "hormonal" or "endocrine" signalling, this means:
a. the signalling molecule is hydrophobic
b. the signalling molecule binds to a cell surface receptor
c. the signalling molecule passes through the bloodstream
d. the signalling molecule is a small organic molecule
e. the signalling molecule is a protein or peptide - ANSWER-c. the signalling molecule
passes through the bloodstream
In a signal transduction pathway, what actually turns the genes on or off?
a. receptors
b. primary signal molecules
c. adenylate cyclase
d. GPCRs
e. transcription factors - ANSWER-e. transcription factors
What is the main purpose of the phosphorylation cascade in transduction?
a. to amplify the signal
b. to increase the charge on the transduction proteins
c. to activate the receptor protein
d. to release GTP
e. all of the above - ANSWER-a. to amplify the signal
In the phosphorylation cascade in a signal transduction pathway, phosphorylation of an
enzyme usually:
a. requires GTP
, b. activates it
c. all of the above
d. transports it to the nucleus
e. inhibits it - ANSWER-b. activates it
A signal transduction pathway = reception + transduction + response. The "response" is
usually
a. none of these are possible "responses" in a signal transduction pathway
b. a phosphorylation cascade
c. dimerization of the receptor in the membrane
d. extracellular release of calcium
e. turning expression of a gene on or off - ANSWER-a. none of these are possible
"responses" in a signal transduction pathway
Which of the following would be a primary messenger or primary signaling molecule?
a. intracellular calcium
b. a steroid hormone
c. cyclic ATP
d. cyclic AMP
e. a GPCR - ANSWER-b. a steroid hormone
GPCR stands for
a. Guanidine phosphate coupling receptor
b. G-pls choose right
c. G-phosphate cell receptor
d. G-protein coupled receptor
e. GTP-protein coupling process - ANSWER-d. G-protein coupled receptor
In most signal transduction pathways, what actually passes through the membrane?
a. cyclic AMP
b. GTP
c. small peptides
d. transcription factors
e. nothing but information - ANSWER-e. nothing but information
What are GPCRs ?
a. G-protein coupled receptors
b. transmembrane proteins
c. cell surface receptors
d. common drug binding targets
e. all of the above - ANSWER-e. all of the above
The goal of most signal transduction pathways is:
a. to stimulate a hormone
b. to increase metabolism
c. to form tissues
AND ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
What is another name for cell to cell communication?
a. signal transition
b. signal transduction
c. signal translation
d. signal transference
e. all of the above - ANSWER-b. signal transduction
Paracrine signaling is when:
a. signal molecules pass through gap junctions to neighboring cells
b. signal molecules pass through the bloodstream to other cells
c. signal molecules cause two separate cells to fuse
d. signal molecules pass from one cell to a nearby cell
e. all of the above - ANSWER-d. signal molecules pass from one cell to a nearby cell
If something is "hormonal" or "endocrine" signalling, this means:
a. the signalling molecule is hydrophobic
b. the signalling molecule binds to a cell surface receptor
c. the signalling molecule passes through the bloodstream
d. the signalling molecule is a small organic molecule
e. the signalling molecule is a protein or peptide - ANSWER-c. the signalling molecule
passes through the bloodstream
In a signal transduction pathway, what actually turns the genes on or off?
a. receptors
b. primary signal molecules
c. adenylate cyclase
d. GPCRs
e. transcription factors - ANSWER-e. transcription factors
What is the main purpose of the phosphorylation cascade in transduction?
a. to amplify the signal
b. to increase the charge on the transduction proteins
c. to activate the receptor protein
d. to release GTP
e. all of the above - ANSWER-a. to amplify the signal
In the phosphorylation cascade in a signal transduction pathway, phosphorylation of an
enzyme usually:
a. requires GTP
, b. activates it
c. all of the above
d. transports it to the nucleus
e. inhibits it - ANSWER-b. activates it
A signal transduction pathway = reception + transduction + response. The "response" is
usually
a. none of these are possible "responses" in a signal transduction pathway
b. a phosphorylation cascade
c. dimerization of the receptor in the membrane
d. extracellular release of calcium
e. turning expression of a gene on or off - ANSWER-a. none of these are possible
"responses" in a signal transduction pathway
Which of the following would be a primary messenger or primary signaling molecule?
a. intracellular calcium
b. a steroid hormone
c. cyclic ATP
d. cyclic AMP
e. a GPCR - ANSWER-b. a steroid hormone
GPCR stands for
a. Guanidine phosphate coupling receptor
b. G-pls choose right
c. G-phosphate cell receptor
d. G-protein coupled receptor
e. GTP-protein coupling process - ANSWER-d. G-protein coupled receptor
In most signal transduction pathways, what actually passes through the membrane?
a. cyclic AMP
b. GTP
c. small peptides
d. transcription factors
e. nothing but information - ANSWER-e. nothing but information
What are GPCRs ?
a. G-protein coupled receptors
b. transmembrane proteins
c. cell surface receptors
d. common drug binding targets
e. all of the above - ANSWER-e. all of the above
The goal of most signal transduction pathways is:
a. to stimulate a hormone
b. to increase metabolism
c. to form tissues
