PHIL 101.

PHIL 101: FINAL EXAM (JMU - YATES)

howaiphilosophyaiinvolvesaicultivatingaioneaisideaiofaiourailivesaibyaiquestioningaianotherai-
aians--toaicultivateaitheaisideaiofaiouraiideas,aireason,aietc.


intellectualaistrengthai-aians---aiagilityaiinaiperceptionai&aithinking
-aisloppy,ainaiveaiprejudicesai-aimotivatedaireasoning
-aiattemptaitoaiharvestaibetteraiauthenticityai(healthyaiintellectualaidiscussion)

practicingaitheai'loveaiofaiwisdom':aitechnicalaimattersai-aians---
aitheairoleaiofaiassumptionsai&aipresuppositionsai(technicalaitermaiforaiassumption)ai-
aiunderlyingaiideasaiweaitrust
-aicriticismai&aiargument
-aiphilosophyaiinaiGreekaiasai'philein'ai&ai'sophia'ai(friendshipaiw/aiwisdom)
-aiQueenaiofaitheaiSciencesai(philosophy)ai-aiconcernedaiw/aitruth

fouraiapproachesaitoaidoingaiphilosophy:aidefinitionsai-aians---
aitryingaitoaiarticulateaiclearaimeaningsaiofaithingsai-
aiwisdom,aiknowledge,aihappiness,aietc.
-aidefinitionalaiambition;aidisagreementsaialongaitheaiway

fouraiapproachesaitoaidoingaiphilosophy:ailogicai&aiproofsai-aians---
aitakeaidefinitionsai&aitryaitoaiproveaithem
-ailogisticaireasoning;aisymbolicailogic
-aiwayaiofaitryingaitoaiargueaiinaiaaireasonedaioutaimethod
-aiwordsaicanaihaveaiethicalaiorainon-
ethicalaimeaningsairegardlessaiofaicontext;aiasksaieachaisideaitoaidoaimoreaithanaipointaifin
gers

fouraiapproachesaitoaidoingaiphilosophy:aibeingaivisionaryai-aians---
aiphilosophyaiisaiconstantlyaiinaisearchaiofainewaimodesaiofaimeaning
-aivisionaryaiimagination;aicreativeaiagility
-aiartistryaiinaiphilosophy

fouraiapproachesaitoaidoingaiphilosophy:aifocusingaionaitheaipracticalai(theaimoral)ai-aians---
aiidentifyingaiwhichaiactionsaiareairightaioraiwrong,ai&aionaiwhataibasisaicanaiweaiclaimaiit
-
aibringsaiclarity,aicriticism,ai&aiquestioningaitoaisomethingaialwaysaigoingaionai(moralaijudge
ments)

commonaidenominatorsaiofaitheaifouraiapproachesaitoaidoingaiphilosophyai-aians---
aiphilosophyaichallengesaiusaitoaiexamineaiouraibeliefsai&aiourselves

, -aitryaitoailiveaiaaiwiseai&aimoreaiauthenticailife

threeaifeaturesaiofaiAthenianailifeai-aians---aicity
-aieducationai(kidsaifromaieliteaifamilies;aishapingaifutureaileaders;ailoosely-
organizedaiconversations:aimainaiskillaitaughtaiisairhetoric)
-
aiSophists:aipopularaipragmaticaiteachersaiofairhetoric;aisophisticatedai&aipretentiousai(Soc
ratesaifoughtaithemaib/
caitheyaihadainoaiinterestaiinaitheaiactualaitruth,aionlyaiinaiwinningaiarguments)

theaipracticeaiofaiSocraticaiphilosophyai-aians---
aiquestioningaiguidedaibeliefs;aipressedaipeopleaitoaigiveaireasoning;aidoingaiitaiasaianaiactai
ofaicareai&aiforaiwelfareaiofaitheaicity
-
aitriedaitoaigetaipeopleaitoaiseeaipresuppositionsai&aigetaitoaiaaiplaceaiwhereaitheyaidon'taikn
owaiwhataithey'reaitalkingaiabout

howaiSocratesaiisaiviewedai-aians---
aitheaimockingaiview:aipeopleaithoughtaiphilosophyaiwasairidiculous
-aitheaiangry/
offendedaiview:aisomeaimenaifeltaitheyailookedaidumbaisoaitheyaibandedaitogetheraitoaipush
aibackaiagainstaiSocratesai
-aiheaiwasaiaccusedaiofaicorruptingaitheaiyouthai&ainotaibelievingaiin/
honoringaitheaigodsaiofaitheaicity

Plato'saidepictionaiofaiSocratesaithroughai'dialogues':aihisaidefenseai('apology')aiofaihimself
aiasaiaaidefenseaiofaiphilosophyai-aians---aiapologyaimeansaijustification/
defense;aitheaipurposeaiofaiSocratesai(motivatesaihim);aiknowsaihe'saigoingaitoaidie
-airelationshipaibetweenaiaaiperson,aitheiraicity,ai&aiknowledge
-aihe'saiteachingaitheaiaudienceai(concernedaiaboutaiself-
deception;aibelievesaipeopleaihaveaitheaitendencyaitoaideceiveaithemselvesaibyaithinkingait
heyaiknowaieverythingai-aiquestioningaigivesaiusailife)

threeaifeaturesaiofaiSocrates'aiviewpointai-aians--1.aiconcernaiforaigoodness/
wisdom:aiwisdomaiisaitoaibeaisoughtaiinaiaailifelongaiway;aibecomeaiawareaiofaiwhataiyouaid
on'taiknowai(criticalaiofaiacceptedaibeliefs;aicultivatingaiintellectualaivirtues;aiseekingaitruthaif
oraiwelfareaiofaicity)
2.aidon'tailetaifearaiofaideathaishapeaiactions/beliefs
3.aitheaijuryaishouldaiaccountaiforaithemselvesai(beaipreparedaitoaiexplainaithemselvesai&ai
whataitheyaistandaifor;aidefendaiprinciplesai&aibeliefs)

otheraiwritingsai&aitheaidistinctionaibetweenaiopinionai&aiknowledge:aiphilosophyaihonorsait
heai'laws'ai-aians---ai'theaiCrito'aisituation:aicompetingaiproposals
-aiCritoaitoldaiSocratesaitoaiescapeaijail;aiheaithinksaihe'saisubmittingaitoaiinjustice