URBS 230 - final exam review
The 7 hypotheses are - ✔️✔️Hypothesis 1: Geographic dispersal and simultaneous
integration. Hypothesis 2: Outsourcing by large global firms.
Hypothesis 3: Agglomeration economies of specialized firms. Hypothesis 4:
Headquarters are free to locate anywhere.
Hypothesis 5: Global networks and markets for specialized services.
Hypothesis 6 & 7:
Several predictions suggested that cities will lose their value because of globalization,
however. Conceptualizing the city as production sites also points to ALL the firms and
jobs necessary to run the globalized sectors.
Gentrification or Exclusion through Displacement - what is it? - ✔️✔️"a process of
neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested
neighborhood —by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents
moving in - as well as demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also
in terms of changes in the education level or racial make-up of residents."
First study of modern cities was by - ✔️✔️the British Geographer Peter Hall in 1966
Referred to World cities as - ✔️✔️the Great metropolitan center's of the world
Post-World War II (e.g., 50s, 60s) saw the rapid development of - ✔️✔️multinational
corporations
World cities became known as the gathering place of - ✔️✔️global capital and the
place to organize and control the production system
In 1991, Sassen introduced the concept of a "global city" in the book - ✔️✔️The Global
City: New York, London, Tokyo
Sassen's global city arguments had - ✔️✔️7 hypotheses
Globalization - ✔️✔️Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
3 types of globalization - ✔️✔️economic, cultural and political
19th to mid-20th century was the first era of - ✔️✔️economic globalization
World City concept was first coined to describe large commodity trade centers like -
✔️✔️Rome and Paris
, 2 types of gentrification arguments - ✔️✔️Consumption-oriented argument and
Production-oriented argument
Neoliberalism - ✔️✔️political ideology that emphasizes 'free' trade, deregulation and
reduction in government spending ('privatization').
social mix - ✔️✔️Policies to increase the diversity of a neighbourhood by enabling a
mixing of occupants (across socioeconomic lines) often through redevelopment projects
Gated community - ✔️✔️Fortified housing estate for affluent residents, to which access
is restricted by fencing, privatized security, legal agreements and often surveillance
technology
In 1938, Louis Wirth proposed a different way of reading urbanism - ✔️✔️1. Stop
identifying urbanism with the physical entity of the city or "arbitrary city boundary"
2. Technological developments in transportation and communication have extended the
urban mode of living beyond the confines of the city
Spectacular urbanism - ✔️✔️refers broadly to modes of urban development that rely on
expressions of a "global" sense of place, often through grand architectural gestures or
by staging spectacular events.
Spectacular urbanism aims to - ✔️✔️create carefully crafted new meanings of place or
new imageries
Grand architectural projects examples - ✔️✔️Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Merdeka 118, Kuala Lampur Malaysia
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai China
Spectacular events - ✔️✔️These are large-scale/mega cultural events that often
appeal to both the national and international audience
Instant urbanization - ✔️✔️refers to processes of state-led urbanization that may
involve the rapid and centralized transformation of large parcels of land and which
typically leverage significant amounts of capital, labour, and private sector participation
in the production of ambitious development projects.
Urban Boosterism - ✔️✔️Spectacular developments and instant cities are
accompanied by place promotion and branding.
Informal sector - ✔️✔️as production and employment in unincorporated, small, or
unregistered enterprises
The 7 hypotheses are - ✔️✔️Hypothesis 1: Geographic dispersal and simultaneous
integration. Hypothesis 2: Outsourcing by large global firms.
Hypothesis 3: Agglomeration economies of specialized firms. Hypothesis 4:
Headquarters are free to locate anywhere.
Hypothesis 5: Global networks and markets for specialized services.
Hypothesis 6 & 7:
Several predictions suggested that cities will lose their value because of globalization,
however. Conceptualizing the city as production sites also points to ALL the firms and
jobs necessary to run the globalized sectors.
Gentrification or Exclusion through Displacement - what is it? - ✔️✔️"a process of
neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested
neighborhood —by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents
moving in - as well as demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also
in terms of changes in the education level or racial make-up of residents."
First study of modern cities was by - ✔️✔️the British Geographer Peter Hall in 1966
Referred to World cities as - ✔️✔️the Great metropolitan center's of the world
Post-World War II (e.g., 50s, 60s) saw the rapid development of - ✔️✔️multinational
corporations
World cities became known as the gathering place of - ✔️✔️global capital and the
place to organize and control the production system
In 1991, Sassen introduced the concept of a "global city" in the book - ✔️✔️The Global
City: New York, London, Tokyo
Sassen's global city arguments had - ✔️✔️7 hypotheses
Globalization - ✔️✔️Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
3 types of globalization - ✔️✔️economic, cultural and political
19th to mid-20th century was the first era of - ✔️✔️economic globalization
World City concept was first coined to describe large commodity trade centers like -
✔️✔️Rome and Paris
, 2 types of gentrification arguments - ✔️✔️Consumption-oriented argument and
Production-oriented argument
Neoliberalism - ✔️✔️political ideology that emphasizes 'free' trade, deregulation and
reduction in government spending ('privatization').
social mix - ✔️✔️Policies to increase the diversity of a neighbourhood by enabling a
mixing of occupants (across socioeconomic lines) often through redevelopment projects
Gated community - ✔️✔️Fortified housing estate for affluent residents, to which access
is restricted by fencing, privatized security, legal agreements and often surveillance
technology
In 1938, Louis Wirth proposed a different way of reading urbanism - ✔️✔️1. Stop
identifying urbanism with the physical entity of the city or "arbitrary city boundary"
2. Technological developments in transportation and communication have extended the
urban mode of living beyond the confines of the city
Spectacular urbanism - ✔️✔️refers broadly to modes of urban development that rely on
expressions of a "global" sense of place, often through grand architectural gestures or
by staging spectacular events.
Spectacular urbanism aims to - ✔️✔️create carefully crafted new meanings of place or
new imageries
Grand architectural projects examples - ✔️✔️Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Merdeka 118, Kuala Lampur Malaysia
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai China
Spectacular events - ✔️✔️These are large-scale/mega cultural events that often
appeal to both the national and international audience
Instant urbanization - ✔️✔️refers to processes of state-led urbanization that may
involve the rapid and centralized transformation of large parcels of land and which
typically leverage significant amounts of capital, labour, and private sector participation
in the production of ambitious development projects.
Urban Boosterism - ✔️✔️Spectacular developments and instant cities are
accompanied by place promotion and branding.
Informal sector - ✔️✔️as production and employment in unincorporated, small, or
unregistered enterprises
