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Samenvatting (neuro)pediatrie

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Samenvatting van de lessen van prof Van Coster en prof Vanhaesebrouck uit derde bachelor logopedische en audiologische wetenschappen aan de UGent, op basis van de slides uit de lessen.

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April 3, 2020
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May 31, 2020
Number of pages
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Written in
2019/2020
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SAMENVATTING (NEURO)PEDIATRIE
MENTALE HANDICAP – INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

OORZAKEN MENTALE HANDICAP

• Chromosomaal/syndromaal
• Monogenisch/syndromaal
• Malformatie van de cortex
• Neurocutane aandoeningen
• Metabool
• Verworven

CHROMOSMALE AANDOENINGEN

• Chromosomale afwijkingen aanwezig in
o Ongeveer 10% vd zaadcellen
o Ongeveer 20% vd eicellen
• Frequente oorzaak spontaan miskraam
o Ongeveer 50% spontante miskramen vertonen chromosomale afwijking
• Frequente oorzaak mentale en/of fysische handicap
• 0,5-1% vd levend pasgeborenen heeft chromosomale afwijking

CHROMOSOMALE AFWIJKINGEN

• Numerieke = afwijkingen in aantal
• Structurele = afwijkingen in structuur

VOORBEELDEN NUMERIEKE CHROMOSOOMAFWIJKINGEN

• Trisomie 21 of Down syndroom
• Trisomie 13 of Patau syndroom
• Trisomie 18 of Edwards syndroom
• Klinefelter syndroom (47, XXY)
• 47, XYY
• Triple X syndroom (47, XXX)
• Monosomie X of Turner syndroom (45 ,X)
• Geen leefbare monosomie van de autosomen (= niet-geslachtschromosomen)
• Enkel de bovenste drie trisomieën bestaan



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, DOWN SYNDROOM

• Beschreven door dr. Down in 1866
• Chromosomale afwijking gevonden in 1959 – 95%: trisomie 21
o In 95% vd gevallen van maternale afkomst
o Meestal als gevolg non disjunctie in meiose
o Ouders hebben normaal karyotype
o Klein herhalingsrisico
• 1% mosaïcisme
o Milder klinisch beeld
• Incidentie bij de geboorte: 1/650 tot 1/800
o Incidentie groter bij de conceptie – veel eindigen in miskraam
• Risico stijgt met leeftijd moeder
• Steeds minder geboren door NIPT
• Klinisch beeld (fenotype)
o Slap (hypotoon na geboorte)
o Typisch gelaat
▪ Opwaartse gerichte oogspleten
▪ Epicanthische plooien; brushfield spots
▪ Vlak gelaat
▪ Kleine oorschelpen
▪ Tong uit de mond
o Overtollige nekplooien
o Aangeboren hartafwijking (40-50%)
o Ledematen
▪ Dwarsplooi in handpalmen
▪ Kleine & kromme pinken (clinodactylie)
o Afwijkingen van het maag/darmstelsel
o Mentale handicap (gemiddeld IQ: 40-50) – maar kan veel variëren (30-70)
o Vroegtijdige alzheimer dementie




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