Psychology Exam 6 Practice Assessment Questions And Answers 100% Guaranteed Success.

psychological disorders - correct answer distressing, dysfunctional (always true), deviant (statistically unusual). line is almost always blurry reliable - correct answer repeatable across time and clinician. As in...includes people with similar causes for the disorder, predict course of disorder, and predict which treatment will work the best valid - correct answer are the categories clinically meaningful causes of disorders (etiology) - correct answer biology, learning, cognitive, environmental (i.e. family, society). These factor can interact, especially genes and environment What is a personality disorder? - correct answer pervasive maladaptive pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. chronic (we now know they can change). assumed to have origins in childhood or adolescence. Prevalence: around 10% in adolescence and adulthood. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) - correct answer 1) Norm-breaking behavior (stealing, fighting, lying, etc.) 2) Psychopathy - personality traits. Lack of empathy and remorse, shallow emotions, impulsive. 3) starts in childhood, not necessarily criminals, some evidence that behavior often improves over time; psychopathy can improve too but less than behavior Bohman 1996 - correct answer Adoption study of boys, rearing family: authoritative (good) versus other types (bad). Percent of boys with criminal behavior in adulthood 1) Bio parents normal, rearing family good = 3% 2) Bio parents normal, rearing family bad = 6% 3) Bio parents criminal, rearing family good = 12% 4) Bio parents criminal, rearing family bad = 40% indicates that biological vulnerability is important MAOA gene - correct answer Codes for an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, which is low in people with APD. Interact with environment: If individuals have variant of the gene that causes low serotonin plus history of being abused, there is a much higher rate of APD. Lykke's prison study - correct answer Can people with APD learn to associate pain with particular situation? Classical conditioning, pair tone and electric shock (UCS). Electric shock is UCS that produces UCR (sweating). Tone alone - In normal people, tone becomes CS that produces CR (sweating). People with APD: little sweating (no CR). Trouble associating signals with potential punishment. Makes fearless kids hard to socialize. Raine 2008 - correct answer brain differences in APD: structure and function. Prefrontal cortex: reduced size and functional impairment. affects self-control, decision making, planning. Amygdala: reduced size. affects emotion-based learning and fear conditioning. May relate to poor conscience development. Males with variant in MAOA gene have size reduction in prefrontal cortex and amygdala. coercive family process - correct answer child - irritable and noncompliant, parent command, child defies, parent no follow through, child negative reinforcement, parent loses control of child anxiety disorders - correct answer lifetime prevalence in US = 18%. More common in women Phobias - correct answer fear of specific object or situation, must be impairing, social anxiety disorder vs specific panic attack - correct answer episodes of intense fear and terror, physical symptoms, and unexpected panic disorder - correct answer panic attack, worry about attack, common co-morbidity with agoraphobia (fear of going to particular places) obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd) - correct answer no longer considered an anxiety disorder, but often co-morbid. obsession: repetitive, unwelcoming thought or image. compulsion: repetitive behavior ocd cycle - correct answer obsession causes anxiety or distress. compulsion eliminates discomfort (negative reinforcement). obsession returns. generalized anxiety disorder - correct answer constant worry about future for 6 months. physiological symptoms. post-traumatic stress disorder - correct answer An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. Anxiety disorders genetics - correct answer mz twin concordance for anxiety disorder = 40%. DZ twin concordance = 4%. Moderate heritability (.3-.5) [same as APD, lower than OCD] anxiety disorders family factors - correct answer over control of children predicts anxiety. monkeys: if prevent from being able to control their experiences, they become fearful and can't cope (experimental evidence). anxious kids tend to have overprotective parents (non-experimental evidence) anxiety disorders cognitive factors - correct answer ABC model: a general model for how cognition affects disorders. A - activating event. B- beliefs (or cognition). C- consequences - anxiety. Beliefs drive anxiety. Catastrophize - worst will occur, common belief in all anxiety disorders common beliefs in different disorders - correct answer GAD - catastrophize about a wide range of situations social phobia - a lot of people are watching and judging panic disorder - misinterpret symptoms as disorder (i.e. heart pound = heart attack then belief increases symptoms) OCD - I need 100% assurance that bad things won't happen, but we don't have control over everything anxiety disorders learning - correct answer 1. classical conditioning - origin of anxiety disorders (little albert) 2. modeling - origin of anxiety disorders. haven't experienced it but still anxious. observe other being fearful or experience a bad outcome. anxious parents have anxious kids 3. operant conditioning - perpetuating cause of anxiety disorders. Behavior that reduces anxiety provides negative reinforcement. thus avoidance means no extinction occurs compliance - correct answer a change in behavior or attitude as a result of a request from another person cognitive dissonance - correct answer A state of mental discomfort arising from a discrepancy between two beliefs or between a person's beliefs and actions. discomfort is proportional to intensity and importance of the two beliefs. discomfort must be alleviated by changing belief Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) - correct answer Part 1: boring tasks. Part 2: request to life for $1 or $20. control is no lie. (lie was that the person enjoyed the boring tasks). Part 3: Questionnaire report "How much did you like the study tasks?" $1 people rated higher because more cognitive dissonance (btw lying and honesty trait) due to a lack of explanation for why they should lie leading to a shift in their belief regarding the task. $20 people were payed well to lie so no cognitive dissonance. Insufficient justification - correct answer You engage in counter attitudinal behavior. you see your behavior as freely chosen, but you don't have a clear justification for it. Feel cognitive dissonance - resolve inconsistency by changing belief to fit your behavior ("we come to love the things we suffer for" i.e. hazing or boot camp) Gal & Rucker (2010) - correct answer Mrs. Keech and the Seekers advocated for group more when beliefs were threatened. World is going to end, but it didn't. Resolve cognitive dissonance by supporting initial belief more strongly. Belief in animal testing - correct answer First IV: feeling affirmed (wrote about favorite things) or control group (wrote about parents' favorite things). Second IV: confident about beliefs about animal testing (wrote with dominant hand) or doubtful (wrote with non-dominant hand). DV: number of words used to persuade someone about animal testing. confident: fewer words whether affirmed or control doubtful: more words for control condition than after affirmed. Conclusion: doubt causes people to advocate more strongly for beliefs. Doubt in beliefs threatens self-views, if people feel affirmed, they defend beliefs less. Doubt in beliefs cause more defense of views when they are not affirmed Foot in the door - correct answer ugly safe driving sign on lawn = 17%. little sign on window, then ugly sign = 76%. People say yes to a small request so then they are more likely to say yes to a different larger request. compliance because of cognitive dissonance that causes developing a commitment to belief low-balling - correct answer car sales. get a commitment then increase cost and the person will still comply because they already made a commitment and put aside all doubts due to cognitive dissonance. pregiving - correct answer experiment: group 1 = coke for you. group 2 = coke for everyone. group 3 = nothing. Asked to buy a ticket, mostly sold to people in group 1. Why? small gift was given so must return the favor (norm of reciprocity). cancels out with foot-in-the-door. door in the face - correct answer group 1 = will you take these delinquents to the zoo? 17% said yes. group 2 = first asked to volunteer 2hr/week for 2 years, then asked to take delinquents to the zoo. 50%