PHIL 101 JMU YATES FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

PHIL 101 JMU YATES FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
WhyYwasYtheYmind-bodyYproblemYsuchYaYbigYdeal?Y-YANS--limitsYofYscience?
bestYbasisYforYhumanYunderstanding:YsensesYorYideas?
goodYnewsYforYphilosophyYofYknowledge?

DescartesY3YmodernYambitionsY-YANS--
1.PossibilityYforYcertainYknowledgeYonYhumanYbasis
2.Don'tYstartYwithYassumptionsYaboutYhigherYtruth
3.YRidYreasoningYofYallYerrors

4YrulesYaboutYhyperbolicYdoubtY-YANS--
1.BeYsystematic:YproceedYfromYparticularYfactsYofYmentalYexperienceYtoYuniversalYprinci
ples.
2.RejectY'always'YthatYwhichYisY'sometimes'Yfalse:YsenseYperception.
3.TreatYthatYwhichYisY'possibly'YfalseYasY'absolutely'Yfalse:YMathematics.
4.PretendYtoYhaveYaYreasonYtoYmaintainYyourYdoubt:YEvilYGenius.

CannotYdentY==yYthatYI'mYaYthinkingYthingY-YANS---GoalYofYArchimedeanYPoint
-TheYfactYthatYIYamYDoubtingYshows...

WaxYanalogyY-YANS--
AnYanalogyYusedYbyYDescartesYtoYconsiderYthatYifYtheYphysicalYpropertiesYofYsomethingY
changes,YisYitYstillYtheYsameYthing?
waxYessenceYcan'tYbeYphysicalYqualities;Ycan'tYbeYknownYthroughYsense-perception

whyYdoesYDescartesYbelieveYinYGod?Y-YANS---
HisYphilosophyYofYsubstance:YLogicalYnecessityY
-HisYphilosophyYofYknowledge:YideasYofYinfinityY&Yperfection

TwoYcriticismsYofY'theYcartesianYcircle'Y-YANS--1.YassumesYgodYfromYtheYstart?
2.trustsYhisYreasonYtheYwholeYtime?

reasonYreliesYon?Y-YANS--experientialYperception

ImpressionsY-YANS--comeYfirstYfromYexperience,Yimmediate,Yvivid

IdeasY-YANS--comeYsecondYfromYimpressions,YindirectYandYlessYvivid,Ycombinations

simpleYideasY-YANS--copiesYofYsenseYimpressions

complexYideasY-YANS--combinationYofYsimpleYideas

, twoYcategoriesYofYknowledgeY-YANS--1.relationsYofYideas
2.mattersYofYfact

howYcauseYandYeffectYisYreallyYnotYaYlawY-YANS--
theYideaYofYcauseYandYeffectYgoesYinYtheYcategoryYofYmattersYofYfacts

SkepticismY-YANS--
AYphilosophyYwhichYsuggestsYthatYnothingYcanYeverYbeYknownYforYcertain.

possibleYcriticismsYofYHumeY-YANS--1.Yhe'sYveryYcertainYaboutYhisYcritiqueYofYcertaintyY
2.isn'tYheYusingYcauseYandYeffectYrespondingYtoYchallengesYageYtheYcauseYandYeffectYla
w
3.YifYyouYallowYaYpriori-ishYrelationsYofYideas,YwhyYnotYallowYforYcartesianYinnateYideas?

ThreeYsummaryYcritiquesYofYrationalismY-YANS--1.NoYclearYandYdistinctYideas
2.NoYcertaintyYaboutYourYinferences
3.PsychologyYofYdrawingYconnectionsYfromYImpressionsYmeansYnoYknowableYrationalYla
wsYofYtruth

FriedrichYNietzscheYRebellionY-YANS--"OnYtruthYandYlyingYinYaYnon-moralYsense"

NietzcheYasYaYiconoclastY-YANS--focusesYonYourYformulationYofYconceptsYandYtheYtruth-
claimsYthatYgoesYwithYthem.
aimsYtoYdenounce,YthenYpossiblyYrecoverYsomething.

keyYthemes:YFriedrichYNietzschesY-YANS--intellectualYpretenseYandYdrive-to-
truth.YWeYobligateYourselves
conceptsYasYpathYofYabstraction
ConceptsYrootedYinYmetaphors:YReason-languageYconnection
IllusionYofYbeingYrightYviaYcathedralsYofYconcepts

IntellectualYcognitionY(reason)YandYtheYillusionYofYtruthY-YANS--OurYdrive-toward-
truthYandYselfYpreservationYviaYunderstandingYbutYpretenseYproblem.

truth,YmetaphorYandYproblemYofYforgettingY-YANS--
truthYclaimsYas...conceptualYdesignations
truth-drive:YweYlikeYtheYfeelYofYknowingYtruth,YbutY"what,Ythen,YisYtruth?
YaYmobileYarmyYofYmetaphorsY,Ymetonymies,Yanthropomorphisms."

problem?YforgettingYtheYbasisY(metaphor)YforYcognitionYandYtruthYclaims
cathedralsYofYconcepts=cobwebs

NatureYasYbasisYforYmoralityY-YANS--
natureYasYprimaryYinYorderYofYexperienceYandYprinciples
humanYnatureYasYselfish(selfYloving)...inYaYgoodYway
instinctYforYgoodness,YadmirationYofY'nobleYideas'