Cancer Immunology Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+)

Cancer Immunology Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+) Intrinsic risk factors - Answers - Random errors in DNA replication (unmodifiable) - especially in oncogene or tumour suppressor gene Non-intrinsic risk factors - Answers - endogenous risk factors - exogenous risk factors endogenous risk factors - Answers Biological aging Hormones Genetic susceptibility Inflammation DNA repair machinery Partially Modifiable Exogenous risk factors - Answers Radiation Chemical carcinogens Tumour causing viruses Bad lifestyles choices describe cancer evolution - Answers 1. first mutagenic event affects cell cycle or loss of tumour suppressor gene - increased growth 2. In hyperplasia (may not be cancerous — neoplasms) , mutagenic event 3. Another mutagenic event, cells become dysplastic - behave abnormal 4. mutagenic event 4 - become metastatic - Vogelstein molecular model - doesn't explain childhood cancers Give an overview of how tumours grow - Answers - cell lose control = tumour/neoplasm - growth advantage of tumour to produce selective pressure for more mutations 1. becomes benign (harmless) tumour, can't travel to distal sites; needs secondary for more mutations 2. Becomes invasive tumour cells - cancer is usually screened here 3. Have to now treat both primary and secondary cancer after spreading - becomes malignant benign - Answers unable to invade healthy surrounding tissue, incapable of indefinite growth malignant - Answers becomes progressively more invasive - metasize - genetically unstable - more mutations needed difference between abnormal and cancer cells - Answers abnormal divide and replicate under limit - Hayflick's limit, cancer cells ignore it, upreg telomerase What are the classification of cancers - Answers - from embryonic tissue origin - Carcinomas - sarcomas - Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood cancer) Carcinomas - Answers - from epithelial origins - skin, gut, epithelial linings sarcomas - Answers - in mesodermal connective tissue - bone, fat, cartilage tissue Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood cancer - Answers in haemopoietic stem cells Hallmarks of cancer - Answers - sustaining proliferative signalling - evading growth suppressors - activating invasion and metastasis - enabling replicative immortality - go beyond senescence - limit to growth of ability for O2 diffusion so need to induce angiogenesis - - resisting cell death what allows the proliferation of cancer cells - Answers - proto oncogenes enhance survival by - encoded growth factors/receptors, mutated form (oncogene) — cancer if uncontrolled expression - tumour-suppressor genes - cancer survival if failed , stops cell cycle, prvt entering S phase, P53 put cell into stress/apoptosis can be downregulated give 2 emerging hallmarks of cancer - Answers - dereg cellular energetics - avoid immune destruction give 2 enabling characteristics of cancer genome instability cancer - Answers - genome instability and mutation - tumour promoting inflammation how does the immune system protect us from cancer - Answers - cancer cells = unique/inappropriate (tumour) antigens (Ag) - detected by immune system - 4 groups recog by T cell - increased number of lymphocytes detected - detect with anti-CD3 antibody by immunostaining - marker for T cells - using Achilles toxins, tumour progressed, in form of BCG vaccine Recognising different types of tumour antigens - Answers - altered self peptide - oncofetal peptide - overexpression of normal protein