Test Bank Janeway's Immunobiology 9th
Edition Chapter 1 With Complete
Questions And Correct Verified Answers
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWERS-disease caused
by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It occurs when an infected
patient has lost most of his or her CD4 T cells, so that infections with opportunistic
pathogens occur.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity to infection conferred by an
adaptive immune response.
adenoids - CORRECT ANSWERS-Paired mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located
in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any substance that enhances the immune response
to an antigen with which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vessels of the lymphatic system
that drain extracellular fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and
dendritic cells from sites of infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid
organs.
affinity maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS-The increase in affinity for their specific
antigen of the antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This
phenomenon is particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
allergy - CORRECT ANSWERS-The state in which a symptomatic immune reaction is
made to a normally innocuous environmental antigen. It involves the interaction
between the antigen and antibody or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the
same antigen.
allograft rejection - CORRECT ANSWERS-The immunologically mediated rejection of
grafted tissues or organs from a genetically nonidentical donor. It is due chiefly to
recognition of nonself MHC molecules on the graft.
anergy - CORRECT ANSWERS-A state of nonresponsiveness to antigen. People are
said to be in this state when they cannot mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions
to a test antigen, whereas T cells and B cells are said to be in this state when they
cannot respond to their specific antigen under optimal conditions of stimulation.
,antibody - CORRECT ANSWERS-A protein that binds specifically to a particular
substance—called its antigen. Each of these proteins has a unique structure that
enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen, but all of these proteins have
the same overall structure. These proteins are produced by differentiated B cells
(plasma cells) in response to infection or immunization, and bind to and neutralize
pathogens or prepare them for uptake and destruction by phagocytes.
antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody
or generate peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site - CORRECT ANSWERS-The site at the tip of each arm of an
antibody that makes physical contact with the antigen through the means of a
noncovalent interaction. The antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape
and the amino acids present.
antigenic determinant - CORRECT ANSWERS-That portion of an antigenic molecule
that is bound by the antigen-binding site of a given antibody or antigen receptor; it is
also known as an epitope.
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Highly specialized cells that
can process antigens and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together
with other, co-stimulatory, proteins required for activating naive T cells. Some examples
of these cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
antigen receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell-surface receptor by which
lymphocytes recognize antigen. Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single
antigen specificity.
antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amphipathic
peptides or proteins secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of
microbes nonspecifically, mainly by disrupting cell membranes. Examples of these
amphipathic peptides or proteins in humans include the defensins, the cathelicidins, the
histatins, and RegIIIγ.
antiserum - CORRECT ANSWERS-The fluid component of clotted blood from an
immune individual that contains antibodies against the antigen used for immunization.
This component contains a mixture of different antibodies that all bind the antigen, but
which each have a different structure, their own epitope on the antigen, and their own
set of cross-reactions.
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-A form of cell death common in the immune system,
in which the cell activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA
degradation, nuclear degeneration and condensation, and the rapid phagocytosis of cell
remains. Proliferating lymphocytes experience high rates of this form of cell death
during their development and during immune responses.
, appendix - CORRECT ANSWERS-A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the
beginning of the colon.
autoimmune disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Disease in which the pathology is
caused by adaptive immune responses to self antigens.
avoidance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Mechanisms that prevent a host's exposure to
microbes, such as anatomic barriers or particular behaviors.
bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS-A vast kingdom of unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms, some species of which cause infectious diseases in humans and
animals, while others make up most of the body's commensal microbiota. Pathogenic
microorganisms of this kingdom may live in the extracellular spaces, or inside cells in
vesicles or in the cytosol.
basophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type of white blood cell containing granules that
stain with basic dyes. It is thought to have a function similar to mast cells.
B cells, B lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-One of the two types of antigen-
specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immune responses. Their function is to
produce antibodies. These lymphocytes are divided into two classes.
B-cell antigen receptor, B-cell receptor (BCR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell-surface
receptor on B cells for specific antigen. It is composed of a transmembrane
immunoglobulin molecule (which recognizes antigen) associated with the invariant Igα
and Igβ chains (which have a signaling function). On activation by antigen, B cells
differentiate into plasma cells producing antibody molecules of the same antigen
specificity as this receptor.
bone marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-The tissue where all the cellular elements of the
blood—red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets—are initially generated from
hematopoietic stem cells. This tissue is also the site of further B-cell development in
mammals and the source of stem cells that give rise to T cells on migration to the
thymus. Thus, transplantation of this tissue can restore all the cellular elements of the
blood, including the cells required for adaptive immune responses.
booster immunization - CORRECT ANSWERS-A second injection of an antigen, given
some time after the initial immunization. It stimulates a secondary immune response.
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Organized
lymphoid tissue found in the bronchi in some animals. Adult humans do not normally
have such organized lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract, but it may be present in
some infants and children.
bursa of Fabricius - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lymphoid organ associated with the gut
that is the site of B-cell development in chickens.
Edition Chapter 1 With Complete
Questions And Correct Verified Answers
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWERS-disease caused
by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It occurs when an infected
patient has lost most of his or her CD4 T cells, so that infections with opportunistic
pathogens occur.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity to infection conferred by an
adaptive immune response.
adenoids - CORRECT ANSWERS-Paired mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located
in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any substance that enhances the immune response
to an antigen with which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vessels of the lymphatic system
that drain extracellular fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and
dendritic cells from sites of infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid
organs.
affinity maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS-The increase in affinity for their specific
antigen of the antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This
phenomenon is particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
allergy - CORRECT ANSWERS-The state in which a symptomatic immune reaction is
made to a normally innocuous environmental antigen. It involves the interaction
between the antigen and antibody or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the
same antigen.
allograft rejection - CORRECT ANSWERS-The immunologically mediated rejection of
grafted tissues or organs from a genetically nonidentical donor. It is due chiefly to
recognition of nonself MHC molecules on the graft.
anergy - CORRECT ANSWERS-A state of nonresponsiveness to antigen. People are
said to be in this state when they cannot mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions
to a test antigen, whereas T cells and B cells are said to be in this state when they
cannot respond to their specific antigen under optimal conditions of stimulation.
,antibody - CORRECT ANSWERS-A protein that binds specifically to a particular
substance—called its antigen. Each of these proteins has a unique structure that
enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen, but all of these proteins have
the same overall structure. These proteins are produced by differentiated B cells
(plasma cells) in response to infection or immunization, and bind to and neutralize
pathogens or prepare them for uptake and destruction by phagocytes.
antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS-Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody
or generate peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site - CORRECT ANSWERS-The site at the tip of each arm of an
antibody that makes physical contact with the antigen through the means of a
noncovalent interaction. The antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape
and the amino acids present.
antigenic determinant - CORRECT ANSWERS-That portion of an antigenic molecule
that is bound by the antigen-binding site of a given antibody or antigen receptor; it is
also known as an epitope.
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Highly specialized cells that
can process antigens and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together
with other, co-stimulatory, proteins required for activating naive T cells. Some examples
of these cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
antigen receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell-surface receptor by which
lymphocytes recognize antigen. Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single
antigen specificity.
antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amphipathic
peptides or proteins secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of
microbes nonspecifically, mainly by disrupting cell membranes. Examples of these
amphipathic peptides or proteins in humans include the defensins, the cathelicidins, the
histatins, and RegIIIγ.
antiserum - CORRECT ANSWERS-The fluid component of clotted blood from an
immune individual that contains antibodies against the antigen used for immunization.
This component contains a mixture of different antibodies that all bind the antigen, but
which each have a different structure, their own epitope on the antigen, and their own
set of cross-reactions.
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-A form of cell death common in the immune system,
in which the cell activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA
degradation, nuclear degeneration and condensation, and the rapid phagocytosis of cell
remains. Proliferating lymphocytes experience high rates of this form of cell death
during their development and during immune responses.
, appendix - CORRECT ANSWERS-A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the
beginning of the colon.
autoimmune disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Disease in which the pathology is
caused by adaptive immune responses to self antigens.
avoidance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Mechanisms that prevent a host's exposure to
microbes, such as anatomic barriers or particular behaviors.
bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS-A vast kingdom of unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms, some species of which cause infectious diseases in humans and
animals, while others make up most of the body's commensal microbiota. Pathogenic
microorganisms of this kingdom may live in the extracellular spaces, or inside cells in
vesicles or in the cytosol.
basophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type of white blood cell containing granules that
stain with basic dyes. It is thought to have a function similar to mast cells.
B cells, B lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-One of the two types of antigen-
specific lymphocytes responsible for adaptive immune responses. Their function is to
produce antibodies. These lymphocytes are divided into two classes.
B-cell antigen receptor, B-cell receptor (BCR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell-surface
receptor on B cells for specific antigen. It is composed of a transmembrane
immunoglobulin molecule (which recognizes antigen) associated with the invariant Igα
and Igβ chains (which have a signaling function). On activation by antigen, B cells
differentiate into plasma cells producing antibody molecules of the same antigen
specificity as this receptor.
bone marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-The tissue where all the cellular elements of the
blood—red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets—are initially generated from
hematopoietic stem cells. This tissue is also the site of further B-cell development in
mammals and the source of stem cells that give rise to T cells on migration to the
thymus. Thus, transplantation of this tissue can restore all the cellular elements of the
blood, including the cells required for adaptive immune responses.
booster immunization - CORRECT ANSWERS-A second injection of an antigen, given
some time after the initial immunization. It stimulates a secondary immune response.
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Organized
lymphoid tissue found in the bronchi in some animals. Adult humans do not normally
have such organized lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract, but it may be present in
some infants and children.
bursa of Fabricius - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lymphoid organ associated with the gut
that is the site of B-cell development in chickens.
