PCOL Exam 3 Questions and Answers
By inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) - correct answer-How is methanol and toxic
alcohol poisoning treated?
Activated charcoal to adsorb the poison - correct answer-In order to prevent the
absorption of an orally ingested poison, what is the best choice of treatment?
Relatively high oxygen content contained in Zone 1 - correct answer-What is one
reason for regional susceptibility to toxicity across the liver? (specifically with zone 1)
It expresses many enzymes that may metabolize drugs to toxic compounds, Receives a
large volume of blood via portal circulation, Is able to uptake and concentrate
xenobiotics, and has its own immune cells to mount an inflammatory response - correct
answer-What are the reasons that the liver is extremely susceptible to drug toxicity?
Toxicology - correct answer-The study of adverse effects of chemicals in living
organisms is defined as _________________.
Poison - correct answer-An agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological
system is define as a _________________.
Toxin - correct answer-A toxic substance produced by biological systems is defined as a
______________.
Toxicant - correct answer-A toxic substance produced by or as a result of byproducts of
anthropogenic activities is defined as a ________________ (these are man-made, ex. =
smoke stacks)
Toxin; Toxicant - correct answer-A ____________ is a toxic substance produced by
biological systems in animals, while a ______________ is a toxic substance produced
by man-made processes or anthropogenic activities.
Xenobiotic - correct answer-A compound present in an organism that is not normally
produced by or expected to be present within that organism is defined as a
__________________.
Source, Exposure, ADMET, Dose, Target and MOA - correct answer-What are the
principles of toxicology?
Route, Duration, Single vs. Repeated, and Frequency - correct answer-What are the
sub-disciplines of the Exposure principle of toxicology?
,Environmental, Occupational, Critter bites and stings, and Medications - correct answer-
What are the most common Sources of toxic substances that make up this principle of
toxicology?
True (MOA can vary across different tissues and tissues possess different sensitivities)
- correct answer-True or False: There are usually multiple targets for poisons/drugs,
which can produce a variation in both toxicity and the mechanism of action in each of
those targets.
False (different tissues possess different sensitivities) - correct answer-True or False:
The target organ of a toxic substance is always the site of highest concentration.
Vehicle and formulation of drug/agent - correct answer-Other than the specific route of
administration, what else can affect the rate of exposure with regard to the route of toxic
agents?
Duration (how long toxic substance has been contaminating system) - correct answer-
Which sub-discipline of exposure is particularly hard to determine, especially with
chronic, repeated exposures?
Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic - correct answer-What are the possible
"durations" for exposure to a roxic substance?
Single exposure to a toxic substance for less than 24 hours - correct answer-What
constitutes an acute duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for less than a month - correct answer-What
constitutes a subacute duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for between 1-3 months - correct answer-
What constitutes a subchronic duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for longer than 3 months (could be up to
years) - correct answer-What constitutes a chronic duration of exposure to a toxic
substance?
Can cause sleepiness with acute exposure, but may cause leukemia in chronic
exposures - correct answer-How does duration of exposure play a role with the example
of single vs. repeated exposures to toxic benzene? (Acute vs. chronic effects)
Repeated; Single - correct answer-Subacute, Subchronic, and Chronic exposures are
categorized under __________________ exposures, while Acute exposures are
categorized as _________________ exposures.
A; C - correct answer-Which of these compounds have the longest half-life? Shortest?
, False (longer half-lives have higher potential to be toxic) - correct answer-True or False:
Drugs/compounds with shorter half-lives have the highest potential to cause toxic
effects.
A; Yes, (drug/administration-dependent) repetitive exposures to a non-toxic drug may
still cause irritating damage to the body that is independent of drug concentration -
correct answer-Which drug here has the highest potential to cause toxic effects? Is it
possible for drug C to cause damage to the body even though it is readily cleared and
doesn't reach toxic concentrations?
Prodrugs - correct answer-What type of drug products are the primary examples of
bioactivation occurring in the body when administered?
Detoxification - correct answer-Biotransformations that eliminate the ultimate toxicant or
prevent its formation in order to help clear the substance from the body is defined as
_________________
False (metabolism to an active byproduct) - correct answer-True or False: The
metabolism of drug/compound to an inactive byproduct is defined as bioactivation.
Individual; Multiple - correct answer-__________________ DRCs describe the
responses of an individual to varying doses. Many chemicals here have more than one
effect because of ______________ targets.
Population; LD50 and Threshold dose - correct answer-_________________ DRCs
describe how a group may do as a whole with repeated exposures or varying doses.
What are two primary values relative to the tested compound that can be determined
from these?
Probit Scale - correct answer-What is the term for data when mortality rate is converted
into a logarithmic scale?
Cumulative Mortality (Sigmoidal relationship); It is easier to determine LD50 and
Threshold dose - correct answer-What is the preferred method of measurement with
regard to mortality in a population dose-response curve? Why?
Threshold Dose; Sigmoidal - correct answer-The dose that begins to illicit a response in
animals/populations. What type of DRC relationship is required to gather this data from
population dose-response curves?
Essential substance such as a vitamin or trace element; Individual - correct answer-
What type of substance is this dose-response curve measuring? What type of DRC is
this?
By inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) - correct answer-How is methanol and toxic
alcohol poisoning treated?
Activated charcoal to adsorb the poison - correct answer-In order to prevent the
absorption of an orally ingested poison, what is the best choice of treatment?
Relatively high oxygen content contained in Zone 1 - correct answer-What is one
reason for regional susceptibility to toxicity across the liver? (specifically with zone 1)
It expresses many enzymes that may metabolize drugs to toxic compounds, Receives a
large volume of blood via portal circulation, Is able to uptake and concentrate
xenobiotics, and has its own immune cells to mount an inflammatory response - correct
answer-What are the reasons that the liver is extremely susceptible to drug toxicity?
Toxicology - correct answer-The study of adverse effects of chemicals in living
organisms is defined as _________________.
Poison - correct answer-An agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological
system is define as a _________________.
Toxin - correct answer-A toxic substance produced by biological systems is defined as a
______________.
Toxicant - correct answer-A toxic substance produced by or as a result of byproducts of
anthropogenic activities is defined as a ________________ (these are man-made, ex. =
smoke stacks)
Toxin; Toxicant - correct answer-A ____________ is a toxic substance produced by
biological systems in animals, while a ______________ is a toxic substance produced
by man-made processes or anthropogenic activities.
Xenobiotic - correct answer-A compound present in an organism that is not normally
produced by or expected to be present within that organism is defined as a
__________________.
Source, Exposure, ADMET, Dose, Target and MOA - correct answer-What are the
principles of toxicology?
Route, Duration, Single vs. Repeated, and Frequency - correct answer-What are the
sub-disciplines of the Exposure principle of toxicology?
,Environmental, Occupational, Critter bites and stings, and Medications - correct answer-
What are the most common Sources of toxic substances that make up this principle of
toxicology?
True (MOA can vary across different tissues and tissues possess different sensitivities)
- correct answer-True or False: There are usually multiple targets for poisons/drugs,
which can produce a variation in both toxicity and the mechanism of action in each of
those targets.
False (different tissues possess different sensitivities) - correct answer-True or False:
The target organ of a toxic substance is always the site of highest concentration.
Vehicle and formulation of drug/agent - correct answer-Other than the specific route of
administration, what else can affect the rate of exposure with regard to the route of toxic
agents?
Duration (how long toxic substance has been contaminating system) - correct answer-
Which sub-discipline of exposure is particularly hard to determine, especially with
chronic, repeated exposures?
Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic - correct answer-What are the possible
"durations" for exposure to a roxic substance?
Single exposure to a toxic substance for less than 24 hours - correct answer-What
constitutes an acute duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for less than a month - correct answer-What
constitutes a subacute duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for between 1-3 months - correct answer-
What constitutes a subchronic duration of exposure to a toxic substance?
Repeated exposures to a toxic substance for longer than 3 months (could be up to
years) - correct answer-What constitutes a chronic duration of exposure to a toxic
substance?
Can cause sleepiness with acute exposure, but may cause leukemia in chronic
exposures - correct answer-How does duration of exposure play a role with the example
of single vs. repeated exposures to toxic benzene? (Acute vs. chronic effects)
Repeated; Single - correct answer-Subacute, Subchronic, and Chronic exposures are
categorized under __________________ exposures, while Acute exposures are
categorized as _________________ exposures.
A; C - correct answer-Which of these compounds have the longest half-life? Shortest?
, False (longer half-lives have higher potential to be toxic) - correct answer-True or False:
Drugs/compounds with shorter half-lives have the highest potential to cause toxic
effects.
A; Yes, (drug/administration-dependent) repetitive exposures to a non-toxic drug may
still cause irritating damage to the body that is independent of drug concentration -
correct answer-Which drug here has the highest potential to cause toxic effects? Is it
possible for drug C to cause damage to the body even though it is readily cleared and
doesn't reach toxic concentrations?
Prodrugs - correct answer-What type of drug products are the primary examples of
bioactivation occurring in the body when administered?
Detoxification - correct answer-Biotransformations that eliminate the ultimate toxicant or
prevent its formation in order to help clear the substance from the body is defined as
_________________
False (metabolism to an active byproduct) - correct answer-True or False: The
metabolism of drug/compound to an inactive byproduct is defined as bioactivation.
Individual; Multiple - correct answer-__________________ DRCs describe the
responses of an individual to varying doses. Many chemicals here have more than one
effect because of ______________ targets.
Population; LD50 and Threshold dose - correct answer-_________________ DRCs
describe how a group may do as a whole with repeated exposures or varying doses.
What are two primary values relative to the tested compound that can be determined
from these?
Probit Scale - correct answer-What is the term for data when mortality rate is converted
into a logarithmic scale?
Cumulative Mortality (Sigmoidal relationship); It is easier to determine LD50 and
Threshold dose - correct answer-What is the preferred method of measurement with
regard to mortality in a population dose-response curve? Why?
Threshold Dose; Sigmoidal - correct answer-The dose that begins to illicit a response in
animals/populations. What type of DRC relationship is required to gather this data from
population dose-response curves?
Essential substance such as a vitamin or trace element; Individual - correct answer-
What type of substance is this dose-response curve measuring? What type of DRC is
this?
