PCOL Exam 1 Questions and Answers
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - correct answer-Example of
developmental toxicity that causes renal tubule defects and some cranial facial and lung
defects
Ethanol - correct answer-Example of Organogenesis that causes developmental toxicity
Phenytoin - correct answer-Example of developmental toxicity that causes cleft palate
and other cranial facial defects
Carbamazepine - correct answer-Example developmental toxicity that causes neural
tube defects
Pharmacology - correct answer-The study of drugs and their effects
Pharmacodynamics - correct answer-Effects of a pharmacological agent and the
mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics - correct answer-Time course of drug action; includes ADME
(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion)
Adrenergic Agents, Opiates - correct answer-Examples of Drug Receptor & Second
Messenger System Activation
Estrogen, Glucocorticoids - correct answer-Examples of Intracellular Receptor
Activation (Binds to cell causing increase in production of steroid) Takes Hours
Angiotensin converting Enzyme (Lisinopril) - correct answer-Example of an Enzyme
activation or Inhibition
Serotonin Reuptake (SSRIs - Antidepressants) - correct answer-Example of Transporter
Inhibition
Calcium Channel Blockers - correct answer-Example of Ion Channel Blockade
Agonist - correct answer-Chemical that activates a receptor to produce an effect, or
response.
Effective Dose (ED50) - correct answer-Dose needed to produce effect in 50% of the
population or to reduce response by 50%
Protective Index (PI) - correct answer-Toxic Dose (TD50) / Effective Dose (ED50). Low
value may require close monitoring
, PI > 10 - correct answer-A good value for Protective Index (PI)
Digoxin - correct answer-Example of a drug with a low PI (around 2-3)
Potency - correct answer-A Dose Response that compares doses to produce same
effect: Lower ED50 = less drug needed
Fentanyl - correct answer-Example of a drug that takes considerably lower dose to
reach same effect (more potent)
Efficacy - correct answer-Compares the maximum response. Example is Morphine has
much higher response for same dose as Aspirin
Full Agonist - correct answer-Binding shifts equilibrium of the drug-receptor to the active
conformation
Partial Agonist - correct answer-Binds to both conformations, But active > Inactive just
not as great as a full agonist
Competitive Antagonist - correct answer-Reversible and Surmountable. Shifts curve to
the right, requiring more of the agonist to be used to get result.
Antagonist - correct answer-Binds equally to both receptor conformations, no change in
response
Reversible Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Can be used to reverse the effects
of the agonist. (Shifts curve to the right and down)
Partial Agonist - correct answer-Can be used as antagonists, An Intrinsic
Sympathomimetic activity. Examples include Beta-Adrenergic blockers
Irreversible Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Locks Receptors into an inactive
conformation
Phenoxybenzamine (alpha-blocker) - correct answer-Example of an Irreversible
Competitive Antagonist
Inverse Agonist - correct answer-Receptors are constitutively active, binding shifts
receptors to inactive conformation. Very similar to antagonists, the response decreases
Non-Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Antagonist that works at cell response
step or Signal Transduction step, Not specific for agonist, not surmountable (can't add
more agonist and get more response)
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - correct answer-Example of
developmental toxicity that causes renal tubule defects and some cranial facial and lung
defects
Ethanol - correct answer-Example of Organogenesis that causes developmental toxicity
Phenytoin - correct answer-Example of developmental toxicity that causes cleft palate
and other cranial facial defects
Carbamazepine - correct answer-Example developmental toxicity that causes neural
tube defects
Pharmacology - correct answer-The study of drugs and their effects
Pharmacodynamics - correct answer-Effects of a pharmacological agent and the
mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics - correct answer-Time course of drug action; includes ADME
(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion)
Adrenergic Agents, Opiates - correct answer-Examples of Drug Receptor & Second
Messenger System Activation
Estrogen, Glucocorticoids - correct answer-Examples of Intracellular Receptor
Activation (Binds to cell causing increase in production of steroid) Takes Hours
Angiotensin converting Enzyme (Lisinopril) - correct answer-Example of an Enzyme
activation or Inhibition
Serotonin Reuptake (SSRIs - Antidepressants) - correct answer-Example of Transporter
Inhibition
Calcium Channel Blockers - correct answer-Example of Ion Channel Blockade
Agonist - correct answer-Chemical that activates a receptor to produce an effect, or
response.
Effective Dose (ED50) - correct answer-Dose needed to produce effect in 50% of the
population or to reduce response by 50%
Protective Index (PI) - correct answer-Toxic Dose (TD50) / Effective Dose (ED50). Low
value may require close monitoring
, PI > 10 - correct answer-A good value for Protective Index (PI)
Digoxin - correct answer-Example of a drug with a low PI (around 2-3)
Potency - correct answer-A Dose Response that compares doses to produce same
effect: Lower ED50 = less drug needed
Fentanyl - correct answer-Example of a drug that takes considerably lower dose to
reach same effect (more potent)
Efficacy - correct answer-Compares the maximum response. Example is Morphine has
much higher response for same dose as Aspirin
Full Agonist - correct answer-Binding shifts equilibrium of the drug-receptor to the active
conformation
Partial Agonist - correct answer-Binds to both conformations, But active > Inactive just
not as great as a full agonist
Competitive Antagonist - correct answer-Reversible and Surmountable. Shifts curve to
the right, requiring more of the agonist to be used to get result.
Antagonist - correct answer-Binds equally to both receptor conformations, no change in
response
Reversible Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Can be used to reverse the effects
of the agonist. (Shifts curve to the right and down)
Partial Agonist - correct answer-Can be used as antagonists, An Intrinsic
Sympathomimetic activity. Examples include Beta-Adrenergic blockers
Irreversible Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Locks Receptors into an inactive
conformation
Phenoxybenzamine (alpha-blocker) - correct answer-Example of an Irreversible
Competitive Antagonist
Inverse Agonist - correct answer-Receptors are constitutively active, binding shifts
receptors to inactive conformation. Very similar to antagonists, the response decreases
Non-Competitive Antagonists - correct answer-Antagonist that works at cell response
step or Signal Transduction step, Not specific for agonist, not surmountable (can't add
more agonist and get more response)
