National Counselor Exam
Frankl - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅LOGOTHERAPY
Existential view; humans search for purpose
that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
Berne - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TRANSITIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
-Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though
intervention can change this "life script"
-Ego states = the Parent, Adult, and Child (PAC) ..are somewhat like id, ego, superego
-Uses Karpman's drama triangle
-Uses Harris' life positions (Im ok...you're)
Perls - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅GESTALT
-Experiential/existential approach
-Focus on here-and-now
-People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
-Humans want to be self-actualized and complete "whole"
-DOING is emphasized (rather than just talking about problems)
-Dreams recounted in present
Alder - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
-stresses the unique qualities we all possess
-emphasizes drive for superiority
-unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority
-An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen
-Much of behavior is determined via birth order
-Stressed the "will to power" to generate feelings of superiority
,-Behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities (rather than the past)
Jung - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
-Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
-becoming "whole"
Williamson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TRAIT-FACTOR
-Through education and data, man can become himself
-Humans are born with potential for good or evil
-Others are needed to help unleash positive potential
-Man is mainly rational, not intuitive
Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
-Operant/instrumental conditioning
-Behavior is molded solely by its consequences
-Humans are mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement
contingencies
Freud - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅PSYCHOANALYSIS
-Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts, are socialized, and are irrational
-People are driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
-Emphasized ego defense mechanisms
Bandura - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅NEO-BEHAVIORISTIC
-Social learning (learning through observation)
-Person's own behavior increases when he/she sees somebody else getting reinforced for it
-Vicarious learning/modeling
,Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅PERSON-CENTERED
-Non-directive; client-centered
-Therapist MUST: show empathy, be genuine/congruent, display unconditional positive regard
(UPR)
-Individual is good and moves toward growth/self-actualization
-Existential/humanistic approach
-Counselor does a lot of reflection
-No advice giving
-Puts little stock in formal diagnosis & assessment
Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅REBT (RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY)
-Change your thinking and you can change your life
-Irrational beliefs (IBs) are replaced by rational beliefs (RBs)
-ABC/ABCDE model
-Shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, and awfulizing causes irrational thought
-Utilizes HW (e.g. bibliotherapy, rational imagery)
Beck - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅COGNITIVE THERAPY
-Client has automatic thoughts, which are distortions of reality
-e.g. black & white thinking, overgeneralizing,
-Urged to keep a record of irrational thoughts
Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
developmental
(Based on epigenetic principle that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic)
-Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority;
Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Integrity vs. Despair
, Piaget - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
-Sensorimotor (object permanence)
-Preoperational (centration)
-Concrete Operations (conservation)
-Formal Operations (abstract scientific thinking)
Key terms: schema, assimilation (fit into existing), accommodation (create new)
Keagan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
-Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅THREE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(Each level has 2 stages)
-Preconventional (behavior governed by consequences)
-Conventional (a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules)
-Postconventional (self-accepted moral principles guide behavior)
Gilligan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT FOR
WOMEN
-Illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males
-Women have a sense of caring and compassion
-book: In a Different Voice
Levinson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅FOUR MAJOR ERAS/TRANSITIONAL THEORY
-Depicts the changes in men's lives throughout lifespan
-4 eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later
adulthood
-book: The Seasons of a Man's Life
Frankl - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅LOGOTHERAPY
Existential view; humans search for purpose
that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
Berne - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TRANSITIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
-Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though
intervention can change this "life script"
-Ego states = the Parent, Adult, and Child (PAC) ..are somewhat like id, ego, superego
-Uses Karpman's drama triangle
-Uses Harris' life positions (Im ok...you're)
Perls - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅GESTALT
-Experiential/existential approach
-Focus on here-and-now
-People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
-Humans want to be self-actualized and complete "whole"
-DOING is emphasized (rather than just talking about problems)
-Dreams recounted in present
Alder - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
-stresses the unique qualities we all possess
-emphasizes drive for superiority
-unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority
-An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen
-Much of behavior is determined via birth order
-Stressed the "will to power" to generate feelings of superiority
,-Behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities (rather than the past)
Jung - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
-Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
-becoming "whole"
Williamson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅TRAIT-FACTOR
-Through education and data, man can become himself
-Humans are born with potential for good or evil
-Others are needed to help unleash positive potential
-Man is mainly rational, not intuitive
Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
-Operant/instrumental conditioning
-Behavior is molded solely by its consequences
-Humans are mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement
contingencies
Freud - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅PSYCHOANALYSIS
-Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts, are socialized, and are irrational
-People are driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
-Emphasized ego defense mechanisms
Bandura - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅NEO-BEHAVIORISTIC
-Social learning (learning through observation)
-Person's own behavior increases when he/she sees somebody else getting reinforced for it
-Vicarious learning/modeling
,Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅PERSON-CENTERED
-Non-directive; client-centered
-Therapist MUST: show empathy, be genuine/congruent, display unconditional positive regard
(UPR)
-Individual is good and moves toward growth/self-actualization
-Existential/humanistic approach
-Counselor does a lot of reflection
-No advice giving
-Puts little stock in formal diagnosis & assessment
Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅REBT (RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY)
-Change your thinking and you can change your life
-Irrational beliefs (IBs) are replaced by rational beliefs (RBs)
-ABC/ABCDE model
-Shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, and awfulizing causes irrational thought
-Utilizes HW (e.g. bibliotherapy, rational imagery)
Beck - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅COGNITIVE THERAPY
-Client has automatic thoughts, which are distortions of reality
-e.g. black & white thinking, overgeneralizing,
-Urged to keep a record of irrational thoughts
Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
developmental
(Based on epigenetic principle that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic)
-Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority;
Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Integrity vs. Despair
, Piaget - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
-Sensorimotor (object permanence)
-Preoperational (centration)
-Concrete Operations (conservation)
-Formal Operations (abstract scientific thinking)
Key terms: schema, assimilation (fit into existing), accommodation (create new)
Keagan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
-Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅THREE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(Each level has 2 stages)
-Preconventional (behavior governed by consequences)
-Conventional (a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules)
-Postconventional (self-accepted moral principles guide behavior)
Gilligan - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT FOR
WOMEN
-Illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males
-Women have a sense of caring and compassion
-book: In a Different Voice
Levinson - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅FOUR MAJOR ERAS/TRANSITIONAL THEORY
-Depicts the changes in men's lives throughout lifespan
-4 eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later
adulthood
-book: The Seasons of a Man's Life
