National Counseling Examination
Study Guide
Systematic Observation must include: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The who, what, where,
how, and form of recording the behavior must be predetermined
Laboratory Observations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Observations take place in controlled
setting. Real world factors are eliminated
Naturalistic Observations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Behavior observed in its natural
setting. No manipulation or control of situation takes place
Interviews and Questionnaires - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Skilled interviewing techniques
and questions increase the reliability of information given in survey methods
Standardized Tests - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Test scores are compared with scores of a
larger group of similar people
Life-history records - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wide array of materials which may
include written and oral reports from the subject, public records, etc.
Physiological Research and Research with Animals - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Biological
basis of behavior is explored and often explained
Multimeasure, Multisource, Multicontext - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Using multiple
measures, sources, and contexts should provide more comprehensive and valid assessment of
development
Correlational Studies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Researcher intends to describe the
strength of relation between two or more characteristics or events. Identical conditions are
provided and variables are not manipulated
,Experimental Studies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Variables are manipulated to allow
researcher to determine exact influence each variable causes
Cross-sectional time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅People of
different ages are observed and compared at one time
Longitudinal time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Same individuals
are observed and tested over a period of time
Sequential time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Cross-sectional and
longitudinal approaches are combined with study beginning with cross-sectional. Same subjects
are then assessed at a future date.
Eight periods of life-span development - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Prenatal; Infancy;
Early Childhood; Middle and Late Childhood; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Middle adulthood;
Late adulthood
Basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theories - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Biological
forces drive development
2. Individual strives to channel / control these drives
3. Personality characteristics appear in childhood
4. These characteristics are stable over time
Freud's two basis instincts or urges - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Eros - the life instincts
2. Thanatos - destructive or death instincts
Freud's concept of Conscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Know impulses, events,
memories; present knowledge
, Freud's concept of Preconscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Easily recalled but not
currently known memories and drives
Freud's concept of Unconscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Emotions, thoughts,
memories, drives, etc. that are influencing behavior without current awareness; hidden or
forgotten experiences
Freud's greatest contribution to psychological thought - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Concept
of the unconscious
Freud's system of personality divided into these three processes or systems - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅The id, The ego, and the superego
The Id - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Present at birth and represents a biological, instinctual
component
- Functions under the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification, the avoidance or
diminishing of pain, and securing of pleasure
- Part of the unconscious mind
The Ego - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Develops as psychological component that wields
power over the id
- Functions under the reality principle, logically and realistically plans appropriate ways to fulfill
needs
- Operates primarily in conscious and preconscious mind
The Superego - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Represents social component, made up of the
conscious and ego ideals
- Guilty feelings result from a violation of standards and morals set by the superego
Freud as stage theorist, most critical years of personal development? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅First Five years of life
Study Guide
Systematic Observation must include: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The who, what, where,
how, and form of recording the behavior must be predetermined
Laboratory Observations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Observations take place in controlled
setting. Real world factors are eliminated
Naturalistic Observations - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Behavior observed in its natural
setting. No manipulation or control of situation takes place
Interviews and Questionnaires - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Skilled interviewing techniques
and questions increase the reliability of information given in survey methods
Standardized Tests - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Test scores are compared with scores of a
larger group of similar people
Life-history records - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wide array of materials which may
include written and oral reports from the subject, public records, etc.
Physiological Research and Research with Animals - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Biological
basis of behavior is explored and often explained
Multimeasure, Multisource, Multicontext - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Using multiple
measures, sources, and contexts should provide more comprehensive and valid assessment of
development
Correlational Studies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Researcher intends to describe the
strength of relation between two or more characteristics or events. Identical conditions are
provided and variables are not manipulated
,Experimental Studies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Variables are manipulated to allow
researcher to determine exact influence each variable causes
Cross-sectional time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅People of
different ages are observed and compared at one time
Longitudinal time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Same individuals
are observed and tested over a period of time
Sequential time span for research study - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Cross-sectional and
longitudinal approaches are combined with study beginning with cross-sectional. Same subjects
are then assessed at a future date.
Eight periods of life-span development - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Prenatal; Infancy;
Early Childhood; Middle and Late Childhood; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Middle adulthood;
Late adulthood
Basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theories - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Biological
forces drive development
2. Individual strives to channel / control these drives
3. Personality characteristics appear in childhood
4. These characteristics are stable over time
Freud's two basis instincts or urges - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. Eros - the life instincts
2. Thanatos - destructive or death instincts
Freud's concept of Conscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Know impulses, events,
memories; present knowledge
, Freud's concept of Preconscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Easily recalled but not
currently known memories and drives
Freud's concept of Unconscious Mind - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Emotions, thoughts,
memories, drives, etc. that are influencing behavior without current awareness; hidden or
forgotten experiences
Freud's greatest contribution to psychological thought - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Concept
of the unconscious
Freud's system of personality divided into these three processes or systems - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅The id, The ego, and the superego
The Id - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Present at birth and represents a biological, instinctual
component
- Functions under the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification, the avoidance or
diminishing of pain, and securing of pleasure
- Part of the unconscious mind
The Ego - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Develops as psychological component that wields
power over the id
- Functions under the reality principle, logically and realistically plans appropriate ways to fulfill
needs
- Operates primarily in conscious and preconscious mind
The Superego - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- Represents social component, made up of the
conscious and ego ideals
- Guilty feelings result from a violation of standards and morals set by the superego
Freud as stage theorist, most critical years of personal development? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅First Five years of life
