GCU BIO-322 Exam 1 Questions Fully Solved Success Guaranteed.

Etiology - correct answer Cause of a disease or injury Etiologic Agents - correct answer Exogenous- from external environment Endogenous- from within the body Idiopathic - correct answer Cause Undetermined Iatrogenic - correct answer Caused unintentionally ex. treatment, diagnostic procedure or error Pathogenesis - correct answer The underlying mechanisms responsible for the clinical manifestations of a disease Clinical Manifestations - correct answer Signs and Symptoms associated with a disease Related alterations in diagnostic tests Sign - correct answer Objective indication of disease Symptom - correct answer Subjective indication of disease Syndrome - correct answer Combination of signs and symptoms Acute disease - correct answer Appears quickly Chronic Disease - correct answer Enduring with lasting implications Exacerbation - correct answer Increase in disease severity Remission - correct answer Decrease in disease severity Genetics - correct answer Role of specific genes familial inheritance of genetic variations Genomics - correct answer Mediation of physiologic function by groups of genes Nutrition - correct answer modifiable risk factor High intake pf carbs and fat- diabetes High intake of sodium- Cardiovascular disease Epidemiology - correct answer study of how disease is distributed in populations and identification of the factors influencing the distribution Incidence - correct answer Number of new cases of a disease or condition within a defined period and for a defined population Prevalence - correct answer Number of individuals of a defined population who already have a disease or condition Mortality - correct answer Number of deaths in a given population Morbidity - correct answer Departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being and encompasses disease, injury, and disability Hypoxemic Hypoxia - correct answer Oxygen is below normal due to environmental reasons or respiratory disease Ischemic hypoxia - correct answer tissue is not receiving enough O2 because of decreased perfusion due to cardiac or vascular disorder Anemic Hypoxia - correct answer Oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to -anemia -carbon monoxide poisoning Histoxic Hypoxia - correct answer Tissue unable to use O2 because it has been poisoned Cyanide mechanism of action - correct answer blocks aerobic metabolism and energy production: cellular hypoxia Hypoxia in cell injury - correct answer Power failure in cell Reversible to a point Brain survival time of no oxygen - correct answer less than 3 minutes Kidney survival time without oxygen - correct answer 15-20 minutes Skeletal muscle survival without oxygen - correct answer 60-90 minutes internal enzymes can be measured in lab tests to determine what? - correct answer To estimate the cellular damage Hypoxia is the - correct answer decrease of oxygen to the cells Dysoxia - correct answer Tissues cannot make full use of available oxygen -decreased oxygen supply -respiratory and cardiac disorders -increased oxygen demand -sepsis, physical agitation, seizures Oxidative stress - correct answer a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage Free radical injury - correct answer damage to cells resulting from reactive oxygen species -highly reactive -disrupts pathways Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) - correct answer Oxygen-containing molecules that include free radicals -Produced by metabolic activity, ionizing radiation, supplemental O2, reperfusion Antioxidants - correct answer Inhibit ROS production or neutralize ROS -enzymes, vitamins Morphologic Changes - correct answer Size: atrophy and hypertrophy Number: Hyperplasia Form: Metaplasia, Dysplasia and autophagy Hyperplasia - correct answer Increased cell number Atrophy - correct answer Decreased cell size Metaplasia - correct answer conversion of one cell type to another Hypertrophy - correct answer increased cell size Dysplasia - correct answer disorderly growth Cellular response to Injury - correct answer Sub-cellular changes Responses Inflammation Responses (cellular response) - correct answer acute lethal injury, chronic injury, adaptive response Sub-cellular changes (cellular response) - correct answer Alterations in the number, size, shape and function (smooth ER, Mitochondria, Cytoskleleton) Inflammation (cellular response) - correct answer Free radicals enter damaged tissues necrosis Cellular repair process - correct answer Clearing out damaged proteins Production of new functional molecules Occurs continually in most cells Necrosis - correct answer Cell death in part of a living organism -Unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components -loss of cell membrane integrity