COMSAE 2/ 104 Questions with Complete
Solutions.
Sheehan Syndrome
A rare condition that occurs secondary to pituitary ischemia and subsequent
infarction following significant postpartum bleeding. This occurs due to the
decreased perfusion of the pituitary during the final stages of pregnancy and labor
process. This can also occur due to significant blood loss during labor, leading to
hypoperfusion of the pituitary gland and subsequent infarction. This will in turn
cause a global decrease in the hormones that are produced in the anterior
pituitary.
The production of ADH and oxytocin is not affected because both hormones are
produced in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Bosentan & Ambrisentan MOA
They treat pulmonary hypertension by competitively antagonizing endothelin-1
receptors, thus, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
Inclusion Body Myositis
Page 1 of 24
,Characterized by inflammation and endomysial infiltrates of CD8+ T cells and
macrophages that focally surround and invade myofibrils. The presence
of rimmed vacuoles is a characteristic feature. It is more common in males over
the age of 50-years-old. It manifests as an insidious onset of proximal muscle
weakness, often with associated distal muscle weakness. The distribution of
weakness is variable, but unlike polymyositis and dermatomyositis, asymmetry is
common. Early involvement of the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and wrist
and finger flexors is characteristic. Weakness of the wrist and finger flexors is often
greater than their extensor counterparts. Hence, loss of finger dexterity and grip
strength may be a prominent symptom. It also commonly causes greater
weakness in knee extension when compared with the hip flexors. Deep tendon
reflexes may be impaired or absent if weakness is severe. Laboratory results reveal
a normal to slightly elevated level of serum creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy is the
gold standard for diagnosis.
ACL Injury
The ACL is likely injured and often occurs in athletes after a twisting or
hyperextension injury. It is common for the patient to report hearing a “pop.” The
ACL is important in restricting anterior translation of the tibia on the femur. The
ACL originates on the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle and inserts
on the anterior and medial aspect of the tibial plateau. The examination
maneuver described above is a positive anterior drawer test or Lachman test.
These tests are considered positive when the tibia translates forward on the
femur to a greater degree in the injured knee than the normal knee. An ACL tear
can be confirmed by MRI.
Insertions of the Scalene mm
Page 2 of 24
, Tacrolimus
Tacrolimus ointment is an immunosuppressive agent indicated for atopic
dermatitis. The mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been documented
to inhibit T-cell activation. Intravenous and intramuscular tacrolimus is often used
in transplant operations to prevent rejection of organs
Epidural vs Subdural Hematoma
The gynecomastia and spider telangiectasia of chronic liver failure are due to?
Excess Estrogen
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Parafollicular cells are responsible for production of calcitonin, a hormone that
decreases serum calcium levels. Calcitonin inhibits intestinal resorption of
calcium, enhances deposition of bone, and increases calcium excretion by the
kidneys. Neoplasm of these cells is referred to as medullary carcinoma. Symptoms
include diarrhea, flushing, and symptoms of hypocalcemia—oral and acral
paresthesias, tetany, hyperactive reflexes, and QT prolongation. A palpable nodule
with or without regional lymphadenopathy would often be present.
Graves Dz is what type of Hypersensitivity?
Type 2 HS
Irreversible vs Competitive inhibition
Irreversible inhibition decreases Vmax, while competitive inhibition increases Km.
Quick Facts About Sarcoidosis
Page 3 of 24
Solutions.
Sheehan Syndrome
A rare condition that occurs secondary to pituitary ischemia and subsequent
infarction following significant postpartum bleeding. This occurs due to the
decreased perfusion of the pituitary during the final stages of pregnancy and labor
process. This can also occur due to significant blood loss during labor, leading to
hypoperfusion of the pituitary gland and subsequent infarction. This will in turn
cause a global decrease in the hormones that are produced in the anterior
pituitary.
The production of ADH and oxytocin is not affected because both hormones are
produced in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Bosentan & Ambrisentan MOA
They treat pulmonary hypertension by competitively antagonizing endothelin-1
receptors, thus, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
Inclusion Body Myositis
Page 1 of 24
,Characterized by inflammation and endomysial infiltrates of CD8+ T cells and
macrophages that focally surround and invade myofibrils. The presence
of rimmed vacuoles is a characteristic feature. It is more common in males over
the age of 50-years-old. It manifests as an insidious onset of proximal muscle
weakness, often with associated distal muscle weakness. The distribution of
weakness is variable, but unlike polymyositis and dermatomyositis, asymmetry is
common. Early involvement of the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and wrist
and finger flexors is characteristic. Weakness of the wrist and finger flexors is often
greater than their extensor counterparts. Hence, loss of finger dexterity and grip
strength may be a prominent symptom. It also commonly causes greater
weakness in knee extension when compared with the hip flexors. Deep tendon
reflexes may be impaired or absent if weakness is severe. Laboratory results reveal
a normal to slightly elevated level of serum creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy is the
gold standard for diagnosis.
ACL Injury
The ACL is likely injured and often occurs in athletes after a twisting or
hyperextension injury. It is common for the patient to report hearing a “pop.” The
ACL is important in restricting anterior translation of the tibia on the femur. The
ACL originates on the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle and inserts
on the anterior and medial aspect of the tibial plateau. The examination
maneuver described above is a positive anterior drawer test or Lachman test.
These tests are considered positive when the tibia translates forward on the
femur to a greater degree in the injured knee than the normal knee. An ACL tear
can be confirmed by MRI.
Insertions of the Scalene mm
Page 2 of 24
, Tacrolimus
Tacrolimus ointment is an immunosuppressive agent indicated for atopic
dermatitis. The mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been documented
to inhibit T-cell activation. Intravenous and intramuscular tacrolimus is often used
in transplant operations to prevent rejection of organs
Epidural vs Subdural Hematoma
The gynecomastia and spider telangiectasia of chronic liver failure are due to?
Excess Estrogen
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Parafollicular cells are responsible for production of calcitonin, a hormone that
decreases serum calcium levels. Calcitonin inhibits intestinal resorption of
calcium, enhances deposition of bone, and increases calcium excretion by the
kidneys. Neoplasm of these cells is referred to as medullary carcinoma. Symptoms
include diarrhea, flushing, and symptoms of hypocalcemia—oral and acral
paresthesias, tetany, hyperactive reflexes, and QT prolongation. A palpable nodule
with or without regional lymphadenopathy would often be present.
Graves Dz is what type of Hypersensitivity?
Type 2 HS
Irreversible vs Competitive inhibition
Irreversible inhibition decreases Vmax, while competitive inhibition increases Km.
Quick Facts About Sarcoidosis
Page 3 of 24
