Applied Pathophysiology- Chapter 2 Exam Questions with Verified Answers (Graded A+)
Organs - Answers fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
Tissues - Answers are groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function
Cells - Answers the basic units that make up tissues
Atrophy - Answers is the decrease in the size of a cell due to a decrease in the functional demand
Ischemia - Answers a decreased oxygen supply to the cell, can also contribute to a decrease in cell size.
Cells may have the ability to adapt to a chronically reduced oxygen supply via atrophy, a complete lack
of oxygenation is more likely to result in irreversible cell death.
involution - Answers decreased organ size
Spinal muscular atrophy - Answers Signals to muscle cells are decreased because of loss of motor
neuron cells of the brain or spinal cord. The decreased stimulation of muscle cells because of loss of
neural signaling causes atrophy, resulting in weakness of voluntary muscles
Hypertrophy - Answers is an increase in cell size; Ex: increase breast size
Adenoid hypertrophy - Answers is caused by enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back
of the nasal area and can result in obstruction of the nasal passage.
Hyperplasia - Answers is an increase in the number of cells; Ex: Puberty
Metaplasia - Answers the changing of one cell type to another; Ex: a person with GERD, cells of the
esophagus are exposed to the damaging acidic contents of the stomach. Over time, these cells often
change from a squamous epithelium cell type to a glandular cell type in response to the stressor
Dysplasia - Answers refers to the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and
structure
Mutations - Answers changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
Apoptosis - Answers is designed cell death to replace old cells with new
Syndactyly - Answers the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue
Necrosis - Answers is death of cells related to cell injury.
endogenous - Answers toxins from within the body system
exogenous - Answers toxins from the external environment
deficit injury - Answers the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition
Organs - Answers fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
Tissues - Answers are groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function
Cells - Answers the basic units that make up tissues
Atrophy - Answers is the decrease in the size of a cell due to a decrease in the functional demand
Ischemia - Answers a decreased oxygen supply to the cell, can also contribute to a decrease in cell size.
Cells may have the ability to adapt to a chronically reduced oxygen supply via atrophy, a complete lack
of oxygenation is more likely to result in irreversible cell death.
involution - Answers decreased organ size
Spinal muscular atrophy - Answers Signals to muscle cells are decreased because of loss of motor
neuron cells of the brain or spinal cord. The decreased stimulation of muscle cells because of loss of
neural signaling causes atrophy, resulting in weakness of voluntary muscles
Hypertrophy - Answers is an increase in cell size; Ex: increase breast size
Adenoid hypertrophy - Answers is caused by enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back
of the nasal area and can result in obstruction of the nasal passage.
Hyperplasia - Answers is an increase in the number of cells; Ex: Puberty
Metaplasia - Answers the changing of one cell type to another; Ex: a person with GERD, cells of the
esophagus are exposed to the damaging acidic contents of the stomach. Over time, these cells often
change from a squamous epithelium cell type to a glandular cell type in response to the stressor
Dysplasia - Answers refers to the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and
structure
Mutations - Answers changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
Apoptosis - Answers is designed cell death to replace old cells with new
Syndactyly - Answers the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue
Necrosis - Answers is death of cells related to cell injury.
endogenous - Answers toxins from within the body system
exogenous - Answers toxins from the external environment
deficit injury - Answers the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition
