Instructor Manual Nutrition Through the Life Cycle 8e Judith E. Brown

Instructor Manual Nutrition Through the Life Cycle 8e Judith E. Brown-The purpose of this chapter is to introduce or refresh the students’ memory of basic nutrition knowledge. The chapter will present information about how nutrition paves the way to an understanding of needs and benefits related to nutrition by life-cycle stage. The 10 principles of nutrition will be discussed, as will how each serves a purpose to provide a larger understanding of nutrition and its relationship to overall health. Four public food and nutrition programs are discussed, and readers will be able to identify the basic elements of each, while also being able to design a healthy dietary pattern. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: 1.1 Understand the meaning of the nutrition concepts presented. 1.2 Read and understand the elements of nutrition labels; you will be able to understand the nutritional value of most food products. 1.3 Cite two examples of how nutrient needs change during the life cycle and how nutritional status at one stage during the life cycle can influence health status during another. 1.4 Describe the components of individual-level nutrition assessment. 1.5 Identify the basic elements of four public food and nutrition programs. 1.6 Design a healthy dietary pattern. [return to top] KEY TERMS Nutrients: Chemical substances in foods that are used by the body for growth and health. Food security: Access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods. Food insecurity: Limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods, or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable, legal ways. Calorie: A unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food. Also known as the “kilocalorie” (kcal), or the “large Calorie.” Essential nutrients: Substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced, or produced in sufficient amounts, by the body. They must be obtained from the diet. Essential amino acids: Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts by humans and therefore must be obtained from the diet. Also called indispensable amino acids. Nonessential nutrients: Nutrients required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet. Daily values (DVs): Scientifically agreed-upon standards for daily intakes of nutrients from the diet developed for the use on nutrition labels. Insulin resistance: A condition in which cell membranes have a reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin than normal is required to transport a given amount of glucose into cells. Type 2 diabetes: A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body’s inability to use insulin normally, to produce enough insulin, or both. Glycemic index: A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised by consumption of an amount of food that contains 50 g of carbohydrate compared to 50 g of glucose. A portion of white bread containing 50 g of carbohydrate is sometimes used for comparison instead of 50 g of glucose. Amino acids: The “building blocks” of protein. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, amino acids contain nitrogen. Nonessential amino acids: Amino acids that can be readily produced by humans from components of the diet. Also referred to as dispensable amino acids. Kwashiorkor: A severe form of protein-energy malnutrition in young children. It is characterized by swelling, fatty liver, susceptibility to infection, profound apathy, and poor appetite. The cause of kwashiorkor is unclear. Fatty acids: The fat-soluble components of fats in foods. Glycerol: A component of fats that is soluble in water. It is converted to glucose in the body. Essential fatty acids: Components of fat that are a required part of the diet (i.e., linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids). Both contain unsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins: A group of physiologically active substances derived from the essential fatty acids. They are present in many tissues and perform such functions as the constriction or dilation of blood vessels and stimulation of smooth muscles and the uterus. Thromboxanes: Biologically active substances produced in platelets that increase platelet aggregation (and therefore promote blood clotting), constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure. Prostacyclins: Biologically active substances produced by blood vessel walls that inhibit platelet aggregation (and therefore blood clotting), dilate blood vessels, and reduce blood pressure.