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Samenvatting bacteriologie

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BACTERIOLOGIE




2023-2024
FARMACEUTISCH EN BIOLOGISCHE LABORATORIUM TECHNOLOGIEN

,Lowie Boels Bacteriologie


1. ............................................................................................................................................3
1.1.......................................................................................................................................3
2. Micro-organisme in onderzoek .........................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................4
2.2 De humane microbiota.............................................................................................4
1. Eigenschappen ........................................................................................................4
2. Ontwikkeling van de microbiota ................................................................................5
3. Rol van de microbiota in gezondheid .........................................................................6
4. Rol van microbiota in ziekte ......................................................................................7
5. Enterotypes .............................................................................................................8
2.3 Microbiële detectie technieken .................................................................................9
1. Cultuur afhankelijke methode ..................................................................................9
2. Cultuur onafhankelijke methode............................................................................. 10
3. Interpretatie van diversiteit in de microbiota ........................................................... 12
2.4 Onderzoek in de microbiota van tegenwoordig ........................................................ 12
1. Humane studies .................................................................................................... 12
2. Dieren modellen .................................................................................................... 13
3. In vitro-simulatoren................................................................................................ 14
2.5 Modulatie strategieën van de microbiota................................................................. 16
1. Pre en pro biotica ................................................................................................... 16
2. Symbiotica ............................................................................................................ 18
3. Postbiotica ............................................................................................................ 18
4. Psychobiotica ........................................................................................................ 18
5. Levende bio-therapeutische producten .................................................................. 19
6. Fecale microbiota transplantatie ............................................................................ 19
7. Antibiotica ............................................................................................................. 22
8. Antibiotica resistentie ............................................................................................ 28
1) Glycopeptide resistentie ........................................................................................ 30
2.6 Biofilms ................................................................................................................. 34
1. Wat zijn biofilms..................................................................................................... 34
2. Waarom worden biofilms gevormd? ................................................................... 36
3. Hoe word een biofilm gevormd? ......................................................................... 37
4. biofilm gerelateerde ziektes ............................................................................... 38
5. Biofilm resitentie tegen antibiotica ..................................................................... 39
6. Biofilm inhibitie ................................................................................................. 40
3. Micro-organisme in industrie ...................................................................................... 42

1

,Lowie Boels Bacteriologie


3.1. Voedsel industrie ................................................................................................... 42
1. Voedsel productie ............................................................................................. 42
2. Parameters die microbiële groei beïnvloeden .......................................................... 44
3. Bewaring ............................................................................................................... 45
4. Voedselveiligheid ................................................................................................... 46
3.2. Farmaceutische industrie: steriliteit en veiligheid .................................................... 49
1. Steriliteit testen.................................................................................................. 49
2. Most probable number test (MPN) ...................................................................... 53
3. LAL test = limulus amoebocyte lysaat test .......................................................... 55
4. Ames test .......................................................................................................... 59
3.3. Farmaceutische industrie: bacteriocines ................................................................ 61
1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................. 61
2. Classificatie van bacteriocines ........................................................................... 61
3. Actiemechanismes ................................................................................................ 65
4. Applicaties......................................................................................................... 65




2

,Lowie Boels Bacteriologie




1.
1.1.




3

, Lowie Boels Bacteriologie




2.Micro-organisme in onderzoek
2.1 Introduction
• Hippocrates kwam er achter dat er veel doden / ziektes waren door de aanwezigheid van
ziekteverwekkers = pathogenen


2.2 De humane microbiota
• Bestaat uit bacteriën

1. Eigenschappen
• Aantallen:
o 7x109 mensen op aarde
o 1014 bacteriën in 1 mens
 Veel meer bacteriën dan mensen

• Microbiome = alle micro-organisme + al het genetisch materiaal/potentieel
• Microbiota = alle microbiele taxa = alle individuele bacteriën

• Locatie:
o Neus, mond, huis ➔ aerobe bacteriën
o Gastro-intestinaal, vagina, … ➔ anearobe bacteriën

o In het gastro-intesitinaal stelsel zal de diversiteit en de aantallen stijgen naarmate we
“dieper” in het stelsel gaan.
▪ Maag: 101
▪ Duodenum: 103
▪ Jejunium: 104
▪ Ileum: 105
▪ Colon: 106
• 4 soorten / klasse / fylia
o Actinobacteriën → bv: bifidobacteriën
o Bacteriodetes → bv: bacteriodes, prevotella, xylanibacter
o Firmicultes → bv: clostridium, lactobaccilus, enterococcus
o Proteobacteria → bv: E.coli, enterobacteriales (vroeger enterobacteriocea)

➔ de predominantie is afhankelijk van bronnen, onderzoek, lichaamsdelen, werelddeel, …

• Diversiteit:
→ bij ieder persoon verschillend
o Soorten diversiteit:
▪ Alfa diversiteit = diversiteit in 1
staal
▪ Beta diversiteit = diversiteit
tussen verschillende stalen
▪ Gamma diversiteit = diversiteit
tussen alle stalen


4

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