NURP 404 Exam 4 With
Complete Solution
Neutropenia - ANSWER deficiency of neutrophils; increased risk of infection,
can occur secondary to cancer and chemo
Mononucleosis (Mono) - ANSWER signs and symptoms are flu-like (fever
sore throat fatigue); watch for spleen enlargement
Acute Leukemias - ANSWER rapid increase of immature blood cells; most
common forms in children
chronic leukemia - ANSWER build-up of relatively mature but abnormal WBC
over months to years involves proliferation of more fully differentiated
myeloid and lymphoid cells
lymphocytic leukemia - ANSWER immature lymphocytes and their
progenitors that originated in the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen,
lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues
myelogenous leukemia - ANSWER involves immature pluripotent myeloid
stem cells in bone marrow; interferes with maturation of all blood cells
including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL - ANSWER most common type of leukemia
in children; includes precursor b or t lymphoblasts (most being pre B)
typically characterized by structural and numerical changes in the
chromosomes within the leukemia cells (translocations, deletions,
hyperploidy, polyploidy) that alter ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis
,Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML - ANSWER most common in adults and in
men; affects myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, most often associated
with acquired genetic changes that inhibit myeloid cell differentiation.
Therefore, undifferentiated blast cells replace normal cells within bone
marrow causing anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - ANSWER clonal malignancy of B
lymphocytes most often affects adults over age 55 and men; most common
leukemia in adults; two forms (long term and short survival) people with low
CD markers do better while those with high markers tend to do worse
chronic myelogenous leukemia CML - ANSWER mainly adults, small number
of children; characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes,
erythroid precursors, and megakaryocytes; associated with Philadelphia
chromosome (9 to 22 translocation); being in chronic phase progressing to
accelerated phase ultimately entering a blast crisis phase which is terminal.
Treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs improving survival rate up to
95%
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER diverse and includes any kind of
lymphoma except Hodgkin's; either B-cell or T cell neoplasms that may
originate from any lymphoid tissue but most commonly in lymph nodes
Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER a specialized form of lymphoma;
characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to
another and by development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease;
Reed Sternberg cells; 2 peaks of incidence: first in young adulthood (ages 15
to 35) and 2nd (ages 55 and older); more easily treatable
multiple myeloma - ANSWER B cell cancer of plasma cells that normally
produce antibodies; proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow
, occurs with lesions in skeletal system; release bence-jones proteins; signs and
symptoms include anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia from bone
marrow infiltration, bone pain, infection, renal failure, and neurological
symptoms
Checkpoint inhibitors - ANSWER Anti PD-1, Anti PD-L1, block the ability of
tumor cells to resist CD8 and CTL cells from attacking
aspirin and NSAIDS - ANSWER anti-platelet aggregation drug; low-dose
inhibits cyclooxygenase
Clotting Cascade - ANSWER Can be inhibited on intrinsic or extrinsic
pathways
Warfarin - ANSWER anti-clotting drug; competes with Vitamin K (Vitamin K is
antidote)
heparin - ANSWER anti-clotting drug; interacts with AT III to bind
coagulation factors including thrombin and prevent hemostasis (antidote is
protamine sulfate)
Fibrin Split Products (D-Dimer) - ANSWER Elevated levels result from
abnormal clotting
DIC - ANSWER complication of disease; caused by disorders that produce
necrosis, infection, neoplastic disease and other conditions that include
cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, shock; excessive bleeding and excessive clotting.
High fatality
anemia - ANSWER decreased total RBC mass; leads to decreased oxygen
carrying capacity; signs and symptoms include headache, fatigue, dypnea,
Complete Solution
Neutropenia - ANSWER deficiency of neutrophils; increased risk of infection,
can occur secondary to cancer and chemo
Mononucleosis (Mono) - ANSWER signs and symptoms are flu-like (fever
sore throat fatigue); watch for spleen enlargement
Acute Leukemias - ANSWER rapid increase of immature blood cells; most
common forms in children
chronic leukemia - ANSWER build-up of relatively mature but abnormal WBC
over months to years involves proliferation of more fully differentiated
myeloid and lymphoid cells
lymphocytic leukemia - ANSWER immature lymphocytes and their
progenitors that originated in the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen,
lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues
myelogenous leukemia - ANSWER involves immature pluripotent myeloid
stem cells in bone marrow; interferes with maturation of all blood cells
including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL - ANSWER most common type of leukemia
in children; includes precursor b or t lymphoblasts (most being pre B)
typically characterized by structural and numerical changes in the
chromosomes within the leukemia cells (translocations, deletions,
hyperploidy, polyploidy) that alter ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis
,Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML - ANSWER most common in adults and in
men; affects myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, most often associated
with acquired genetic changes that inhibit myeloid cell differentiation.
Therefore, undifferentiated blast cells replace normal cells within bone
marrow causing anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - ANSWER clonal malignancy of B
lymphocytes most often affects adults over age 55 and men; most common
leukemia in adults; two forms (long term and short survival) people with low
CD markers do better while those with high markers tend to do worse
chronic myelogenous leukemia CML - ANSWER mainly adults, small number
of children; characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes,
erythroid precursors, and megakaryocytes; associated with Philadelphia
chromosome (9 to 22 translocation); being in chronic phase progressing to
accelerated phase ultimately entering a blast crisis phase which is terminal.
Treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs improving survival rate up to
95%
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER diverse and includes any kind of
lymphoma except Hodgkin's; either B-cell or T cell neoplasms that may
originate from any lymphoid tissue but most commonly in lymph nodes
Hodgkin's lymphoma - ANSWER a specialized form of lymphoma;
characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to
another and by development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease;
Reed Sternberg cells; 2 peaks of incidence: first in young adulthood (ages 15
to 35) and 2nd (ages 55 and older); more easily treatable
multiple myeloma - ANSWER B cell cancer of plasma cells that normally
produce antibodies; proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow
, occurs with lesions in skeletal system; release bence-jones proteins; signs and
symptoms include anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia from bone
marrow infiltration, bone pain, infection, renal failure, and neurological
symptoms
Checkpoint inhibitors - ANSWER Anti PD-1, Anti PD-L1, block the ability of
tumor cells to resist CD8 and CTL cells from attacking
aspirin and NSAIDS - ANSWER anti-platelet aggregation drug; low-dose
inhibits cyclooxygenase
Clotting Cascade - ANSWER Can be inhibited on intrinsic or extrinsic
pathways
Warfarin - ANSWER anti-clotting drug; competes with Vitamin K (Vitamin K is
antidote)
heparin - ANSWER anti-clotting drug; interacts with AT III to bind
coagulation factors including thrombin and prevent hemostasis (antidote is
protamine sulfate)
Fibrin Split Products (D-Dimer) - ANSWER Elevated levels result from
abnormal clotting
DIC - ANSWER complication of disease; caused by disorders that produce
necrosis, infection, neoplastic disease and other conditions that include
cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, shock; excessive bleeding and excessive clotting.
High fatality
anemia - ANSWER decreased total RBC mass; leads to decreased oxygen
carrying capacity; signs and symptoms include headache, fatigue, dypnea,
