UA BSC 108 EXAM 2 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2024-2025| GUARANTEED定义与本质
PASS!!
呼吸作用是通过氧化分解有机物（如葡
What is a photosynthetic autotroph? - (answer)An organism that makes its own food from
inorganic ingredients. 萄糖）以产生能量的过程。根据是否需
要氧气，可分为需氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。
1. 生物体中的作用
What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called? - (answer)Stroma
呼吸作用为各种生命活动（如细
胞分裂、物质运输、运动和神经
What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called? - (answer)inner and outer membranes
传递）提供能量支持。
• 细胞水平：为合成反应、主动运
Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. - (answer)6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
输和信号传递提供ATP。
What is the primary function of pigments in photosynthesis? Name the primary pigment used in
photosynthesis. - (answer)Pigments absorb certain wavelengths. They are the means by which
the energy of sunlight is captured for photosynthesis. The primary pigment used in
photosynthesis is Chlorophylla-a.
Why are leaves green? - (answer)Their green color is from chlorophyll, a pigment (light-
absorbing molecule) in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.
How and where does water enter a plant? - (answer)Water enters root hair cells by osmosis.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - (answer)Carbon Dioxide diffuses through
small holes in the underside of leaves, called the stomata.
The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each
stage. 1. Photons excite electrons in the chlorophyll of the first photosystem. These photons are
then trapped by the primary electron acceptor. This photosystem then replaces the lost electrons
by extracting new ones from water. This is the step that releases O2 during photosynthesis. 2.
Energized electrons from the first photosystem pass down an electron transport chain to the
second photosystem. The chloroplast uses the energy released by this electron "fall" to make
ATP. 3. The second photosystem transfers its light-excited electrons to NADP+, reducing it to
NADPH.
List all products of the light reactions. carbon dioxide, water. Glucose, oxygen
, 定义与本质
The Calvin cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each stage.
- (answer)"1) Carbon Fixation- The呼吸作用是通过氧化分解有机物（如葡
enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose
biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable萄糖）以产生能量的过程。根据是否需
product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
要氧气，可分为需氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。
2) Reduction- Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six
1. 生物体中的作用
molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.
呼吸作用为各种生命活动（如细
3) Release of one molecule of G3P- Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but
one molecule is released. 胞分裂、物质运输、运动和神经
传递）提供能量支持。
4) Regeneration of RuBP - series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the
atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total
• 细胞水平：为合成反应、主动运
carbons).
输和信号传递提供ATP。
These will start another turn of the cycle.
"
List all products in the Calvin cycle. - (answer)"6 Turns of the Calvin Cycle→ 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
6CO₂ → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
Left over ATP is used elsewhere by the cell. "
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - (answer)"1) Corn
2) Sugarcane"
What environmental factor is C4 photosynthesis an adaptation for? - (answer)High levels of CO2
and drought environments
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. C4 plants initially attach CO2toPEP to form the
four-carbon compound OAA using the enzyme PEP carboxylase. This takes place in the loosely
packed cells called mesophyll cells. OAA is then pumped to another set of cells, the bundle
sheath cells, which surround the leaf vein. There, it releases the CO2for use by Rubisco. By
concentrating CO2in the bundle sheath cells, C4plants promote the efficient operation of the
Calvin-Benson cycle and minimize photorespiration. CAM plants also initially attach CO2to
PEP and form OAA. However, instead of fixing carbon during the day and pumping the OAA to
other cells, CAM plants fix carbon at night and store the OAA in large vacuoles within the cell.
This allows them to have their stomates open in the cool of the evening, avoiding water loss, and
2024-2025| GUARANTEED定义与本质
PASS!!
呼吸作用是通过氧化分解有机物（如葡
What is a photosynthetic autotroph? - (answer)An organism that makes its own food from
inorganic ingredients. 萄糖）以产生能量的过程。根据是否需
要氧气，可分为需氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。
1. 生物体中的作用
What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called? - (answer)Stroma
呼吸作用为各种生命活动（如细
胞分裂、物质运输、运动和神经
What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called? - (answer)inner and outer membranes
传递）提供能量支持。
• 细胞水平：为合成反应、主动运
Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. - (answer)6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
输和信号传递提供ATP。
What is the primary function of pigments in photosynthesis? Name the primary pigment used in
photosynthesis. - (answer)Pigments absorb certain wavelengths. They are the means by which
the energy of sunlight is captured for photosynthesis. The primary pigment used in
photosynthesis is Chlorophylla-a.
Why are leaves green? - (answer)Their green color is from chlorophyll, a pigment (light-
absorbing molecule) in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.
How and where does water enter a plant? - (answer)Water enters root hair cells by osmosis.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - (answer)Carbon Dioxide diffuses through
small holes in the underside of leaves, called the stomata.
The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each
stage. 1. Photons excite electrons in the chlorophyll of the first photosystem. These photons are
then trapped by the primary electron acceptor. This photosystem then replaces the lost electrons
by extracting new ones from water. This is the step that releases O2 during photosynthesis. 2.
Energized electrons from the first photosystem pass down an electron transport chain to the
second photosystem. The chloroplast uses the energy released by this electron "fall" to make
ATP. 3. The second photosystem transfers its light-excited electrons to NADP+, reducing it to
NADPH.
List all products of the light reactions. carbon dioxide, water. Glucose, oxygen
, 定义与本质
The Calvin cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each stage.
- (answer)"1) Carbon Fixation- The呼吸作用是通过氧化分解有机物（如葡
enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose
biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable萄糖）以产生能量的过程。根据是否需
product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
要氧气，可分为需氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。
2) Reduction- Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six
1. 生物体中的作用
molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.
呼吸作用为各种生命活动（如细
3) Release of one molecule of G3P- Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but
one molecule is released. 胞分裂、物质运输、运动和神经
传递）提供能量支持。
4) Regeneration of RuBP - series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the
atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total
• 细胞水平：为合成反应、主动运
carbons).
输和信号传递提供ATP。
These will start another turn of the cycle.
"
List all products in the Calvin cycle. - (answer)"6 Turns of the Calvin Cycle→ 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
6CO₂ → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆
Left over ATP is used elsewhere by the cell. "
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - (answer)"1) Corn
2) Sugarcane"
What environmental factor is C4 photosynthesis an adaptation for? - (answer)High levels of CO2
and drought environments
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. C4 plants initially attach CO2toPEP to form the
four-carbon compound OAA using the enzyme PEP carboxylase. This takes place in the loosely
packed cells called mesophyll cells. OAA is then pumped to another set of cells, the bundle
sheath cells, which surround the leaf vein. There, it releases the CO2for use by Rubisco. By
concentrating CO2in the bundle sheath cells, C4plants promote the efficient operation of the
Calvin-Benson cycle and minimize photorespiration. CAM plants also initially attach CO2to
PEP and form OAA. However, instead of fixing carbon during the day and pumping the OAA to
other cells, CAM plants fix carbon at night and store the OAA in large vacuoles within the cell.
This allows them to have their stomates open in the cool of the evening, avoiding water loss, and
