©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
UMN BIOC 3021: Exam 3 Questions And
Answers (Guaranteed A+)
Inter mitochondria membrane - answer✔e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - answer✔hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - answer✔usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - answer✔synthetic, usually involve reduction, use energy
gamma and beta phosphates - answer✔terminal phosphates of ATP, release hight amounts of
energy upon hydrolysis
adipose tissue - answer✔storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - answer✔enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis when performed in the
liver
insulin - answer✔allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - answer✔a process in which a phosphate residue is directly
transferred from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - answer✔uses the downhill transport of high energy electrons to
form a proton gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - answer✔phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - answer✔accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the blood and is carried
here where it is converted back into glucose
ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - answer✔2 ATP (no NADH)
three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - answer✔glucose to glucose-6-phosphate,
fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - answer✔6 ATP equivalents
1|Page
, ©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Cori Cycle - answer✔physiological process that occurs when glucose is converted to lactate
during intense exercise, and when lactate is converted back to glucose during the recovery
period
regulation of bypass sites - answer✔most stringent regulation, regulation focused here because
distinct enzymes allow for regulating one direction and not the other, involves allosteric
control, also subject to negative feedback
energy charge formula - answer✔1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP))
glycogen - answer✔major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4 linked backbone, 10%
alpha-1,6 linked branches
glycogen degradation - answer✔phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units that are near to 1,6-
branch points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-
branches into additional linear 1,4-linked glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - answer✔glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - answer✔organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and transported through
blood to another
epinephrine cascade - answer✔-series of reactions that result in the activation of
phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen synthase
cyclic AMP - answer✔second messenger derived from ATP
NADPH - answer✔provides reducing power for anabolic pathways
purpose of non-oxidative stage of Pentose Pathway - answer✔convert ribulose 5-phosphate
into useful intermediates that can be used in glycolysis
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) - answer✔coenzyme used by transketolase
% free energy changes - answer✔20: glycolysis
20: pyruvate to acetylCoA
60: TCA cycle
where electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur - answer✔inner mitochondrial
membrane
coenzyme A - answer✔elements of adp connected to pantothenic acid
2|Page
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
UMN BIOC 3021: Exam 3 Questions And
Answers (Guaranteed A+)
Inter mitochondria membrane - answer✔e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - answer✔hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - answer✔usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - answer✔synthetic, usually involve reduction, use energy
gamma and beta phosphates - answer✔terminal phosphates of ATP, release hight amounts of
energy upon hydrolysis
adipose tissue - answer✔storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - answer✔enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis when performed in the
liver
insulin - answer✔allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - answer✔a process in which a phosphate residue is directly
transferred from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - answer✔uses the downhill transport of high energy electrons to
form a proton gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - answer✔phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - answer✔accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the blood and is carried
here where it is converted back into glucose
ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - answer✔2 ATP (no NADH)
three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - answer✔glucose to glucose-6-phosphate,
fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - answer✔6 ATP equivalents
1|Page
, ©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Cori Cycle - answer✔physiological process that occurs when glucose is converted to lactate
during intense exercise, and when lactate is converted back to glucose during the recovery
period
regulation of bypass sites - answer✔most stringent regulation, regulation focused here because
distinct enzymes allow for regulating one direction and not the other, involves allosteric
control, also subject to negative feedback
energy charge formula - answer✔1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP))
glycogen - answer✔major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4 linked backbone, 10%
alpha-1,6 linked branches
glycogen degradation - answer✔phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units that are near to 1,6-
branch points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-
branches into additional linear 1,4-linked glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - answer✔glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - answer✔organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and transported through
blood to another
epinephrine cascade - answer✔-series of reactions that result in the activation of
phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen synthase
cyclic AMP - answer✔second messenger derived from ATP
NADPH - answer✔provides reducing power for anabolic pathways
purpose of non-oxidative stage of Pentose Pathway - answer✔convert ribulose 5-phosphate
into useful intermediates that can be used in glycolysis
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) - answer✔coenzyme used by transketolase
% free energy changes - answer✔20: glycolysis
20: pyruvate to acetylCoA
60: TCA cycle
where electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur - answer✔inner mitochondrial
membrane
coenzyme A - answer✔elements of adp connected to pantothenic acid
2|Page
