Chamberlain NR507 Midterm Exam
Questions & Answers
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination
or complement-mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWERS- Type 2: organ
specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface
that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the
tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWERS- Facial rash confined to the cheeks
(malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
, - Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
- Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - ANSWERS- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders
characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic
reactions).
Alloimmunity - ANSWERS- General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - ANSWERS- Type 1:
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site
of contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - ANSWERS- Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
Questions & Answers
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination
or complement-mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWERS- Type 2: organ
specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface
that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the
tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWERS- Facial rash confined to the cheeks
(malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
, - Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
- Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - ANSWERS- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders
characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic
reactions).
Alloimmunity - ANSWERS- General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWERS- T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - ANSWERS- Type 1:
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site
of contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - ANSWERS- Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
