Patho Unit 4/5 Exam Questions & Answers

The cerebellum is considered to be part of the hindbrain. T/F? - ANSWERSTrue Cerebellum receives proprioceptor input from the vestibular system. T/F? - ANSWERSTrue: balance and spatial orientation (Hindbrain) Cerebellum and pons? a) diencephalon b) myelencepholon c) telencephalon d) metencephalon - ANSWERSd. metencephalon (Hindbrain) Medulla oblongata? a) diencephalon b) myelencephalon c) telencephalon d) metencephalon - ANSWERSb. myelencephalon (Forebrain) "end brain?" a) diencephalon b) myelencepholon c) telencephalon d) metencephalon - ANSWERSc. telencephalon (Forebrain) thalamus and subthalamus? a) diencephalon b) myelencepholon c) telencephalon d) metencephalon - ANSWERSa. diencephalon "between brains" The roles of the supporting cells of the nervous system include providing metabolic support and protection. T/F? - ANSWERSTrue Reflexes can be considered predictable responses to stimuli that are 'wired' in to the CNS. T/F? - ANSWERSTrue Afferent neurons carry information from the central nervous system. T/F? - ANSWERSFalse Each of the 10 cranial nerves corresponds to specific motor and sensory functions. T/F? - ANSWERSFalse Based on its embryonic development, the brain is divided into three regions -- the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the ___________. - ANSWERSforebrain Synaptic communication between neurons often involves the release and reception of __________ across the synaptic cleft. - ANSWERSneurotransmitters The nervous system can be broadly divided into the central nervous system and the __________ nervous system. - ANSWERSPeripheral Spinal nerves form complicated networks called _______ where different nerve branches intermix. - ANSWERSplexuses The _________ nervous system regulates, adjusts, and coordinates the visceral functions of the body. - ANSWERSautonomic Migraines differ from other headaches in that they are both more severe and cannot normally be treated. - ANSWERSFalse general somatic afferent neurons' receptors: - ANSWERSpain, touch, and temperature special somatic afferent neurons' receptors: - ANSWERSprimarily in muscles, tendons, and joints Modalities of sensation - ANSWERS1) stimulus discrimination 2) tactile sensation 3) thermal sensation 4) position sensation Discriminative pathway's (rapid transmission) neurons - ANSWERS1) primary dorsal root ganglion neuron (axon -- dorsal column nuclei) 2) dorsal column neuron (axon -- rapid conducting tract "medial lemniscus" -- medulla -- thalamus; opp side) 3) thalamic neuron (somatosensory radiation -- primary sensory cortex) Sensory unit - ANSWERS1) facial and cranial nerves 2) trigeminal senosry neurons trasnmit 3) dorsal root ganglion neurons (cell body, peripheral branch, central axon) The most significant disadvantage of opioid analgesics is the high risk of addiction. - ANSWERSFalse Stimulus-Induced Analgesia - ANSWERSElectrical stimulation methods: TENS, electrical acupuncture, and neurostimulation TENS - ANSWERSelectrical energy across skin to peripheral nerve fibers (A o and C fibers) Neurostimulation - ANSWERSdelivers low-voltage electrical stimulation to the spinal cord or targert peripheral nerve. Acupuncture - ANSWERSneedles into specific points on the surface of the body Melzack & Walls' Gate control theory - ANSWERSNeurostimulation activates body's pain relief system. Small vs large fiber transmission. small: tactile info mediating touch, pressure, and kinesthesia Analgesics - ANSWERS-short duration -w/o inducing loss of consciousness -prevents chronic pain -ideally nonaddictive w/ minimal adverse effects Nonnarcotic Analgesics - ANSWERS-Aspirin, NSAIDS, acetaminophen -Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory -Centrally and peripherally blocks pain tranmission NSAIDS - ANSWERS-Decrease sensitivity of BV to bradykinin & histamine -Affects cytokine production by T lymphocytes -Reverse vasodilation -Decrease release of inflammatory mediators from granulocytes, mast cells, and basophils Acetaminophen - ANSWERS-NSAID alternative -Equivalent to aspirin as analgesic & antipyretic -NOT anti-inflammatory Opioid Analgesics - ANSWERS-Short term pain, long term use -more effiective as Preemptive analgesia Opioid analgesics types - ANSWERS1) mu receptor (modulates TE & SE of respiratory depression, miosis, gastrointestinal motility, physical dependence) 2) delta receptor (not the best, weak) 3) kappa receptor (effective, troublesome effects)