AMR Exam 1 (100% Solved)
WHO definition of AMR - ANSWERSability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses,
and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and
antimalarials) from working against it; as a result, standard treatments become
ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others
Community-acquired infection - ANSWERSinfection that is acquired from a communal
setting, such as gym, swimming pool, subway, etc.
Nosocomial or hospital-acquired infection (HAIs) - ANSWERSinfections that are caught
in a healthcare setting (hospital, nursing home, etc.)
Percentage of all deaths related to AMR that are due to bacteria that are resistant to
last-reserve antibiotics (pan-resistance) - ANSWERS39%
Pan-resistance - ANSWERSdescribes bacteria that are resistant to last-reserve
antibiotics
Sisyphus analogy refers to - ANSWERSfailing drug efficacy (pushing a boulder up a
mountain for it to constantly keep rolling down)
How long it takes on average from the introduction of a new antibiotic to clinical
resistance - ANSWERS8 years
Factors contributing to AMR in healthcare - ANSWERS- antibiotic usage, underuse, and
overuse
- lack of antibiotics
- poor sanitation and personal hygiene
- antibiotic use in agriculture
- inadequate infection controls in healthcare facilities
Purpose of the licked pacifier study - ANSWERSshowed link between microbe exposure
and increased immune system stimulation (what doesn't kill you makes you stronger)
Why the FDA banned use of antibiotic agents in personal hygiene products -
ANSWERSlimiting exposure to microbes dampens the immune system; may kill good
bacteria
Proportional relationship between global population, food production, and AMR -
ANSWERSincrease global population → increased food demand → increased animal
farming → increased occurrence of transmissible disease → increased use of
antibiotics → increased AMR (human exposure to low concentration of antibiotics
enhances AMR)
, Why antibiotics are used in animal farming - ANSWERSgrowth promotion and infection
control
4 key facts about AMR - ANSWERS- one of the biggest threats to global health and
food security
- can affect anyone, any age, any country
- occurs naturally, but misuse in animals and humans accelerates process
- leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality
While the number of bacterial infections remains constant, the number of AMR
infections has been - ANSWERSconstantly increasing
Consequences of AMR for the individual - ANSWERS- higher medical costs
- longer hospital stays
- increased mortality
How AMR leads to higher medical costs - ANSWERS- additional antibiotic prescriptions
- prolonged hospitalization
- additional diagnostic testing
- cost of infectious disease specialist
Year that the FDA approved first antibiotics for use in poultry, pork, and beef growth
promotion - ANSWERS1951
Percentage estimated of all antibiotics in the US used in animals - ANSWERS~70%
Year that the UN General Assembly announced that the use of antibiotics in animals is
the leading cause of the antibiotic-resistance crisis - ANSWERS2016
MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) - ANSWERSmethod of identifying bacterial
isolates by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes (ex.
E. faecalis ST16)
Difference between conventionally raised (antibiotics) pigs and organically raised (no
antibiotics) pigs - ANSWERSMore E. coli resistant isolated from conventionally raised
pigs than from organically raised pigs
Using antibiotics in farm animals leads to - ANSWERS- enhanced development of
resistance to antibiotics
- transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
- contamination of the environment by air particulates
- emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
WHO definition of AMR - ANSWERSability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses,
and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and
antimalarials) from working against it; as a result, standard treatments become
ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others
Community-acquired infection - ANSWERSinfection that is acquired from a communal
setting, such as gym, swimming pool, subway, etc.
Nosocomial or hospital-acquired infection (HAIs) - ANSWERSinfections that are caught
in a healthcare setting (hospital, nursing home, etc.)
Percentage of all deaths related to AMR that are due to bacteria that are resistant to
last-reserve antibiotics (pan-resistance) - ANSWERS39%
Pan-resistance - ANSWERSdescribes bacteria that are resistant to last-reserve
antibiotics
Sisyphus analogy refers to - ANSWERSfailing drug efficacy (pushing a boulder up a
mountain for it to constantly keep rolling down)
How long it takes on average from the introduction of a new antibiotic to clinical
resistance - ANSWERS8 years
Factors contributing to AMR in healthcare - ANSWERS- antibiotic usage, underuse, and
overuse
- lack of antibiotics
- poor sanitation and personal hygiene
- antibiotic use in agriculture
- inadequate infection controls in healthcare facilities
Purpose of the licked pacifier study - ANSWERSshowed link between microbe exposure
and increased immune system stimulation (what doesn't kill you makes you stronger)
Why the FDA banned use of antibiotic agents in personal hygiene products -
ANSWERSlimiting exposure to microbes dampens the immune system; may kill good
bacteria
Proportional relationship between global population, food production, and AMR -
ANSWERSincrease global population → increased food demand → increased animal
farming → increased occurrence of transmissible disease → increased use of
antibiotics → increased AMR (human exposure to low concentration of antibiotics
enhances AMR)
, Why antibiotics are used in animal farming - ANSWERSgrowth promotion and infection
control
4 key facts about AMR - ANSWERS- one of the biggest threats to global health and
food security
- can affect anyone, any age, any country
- occurs naturally, but misuse in animals and humans accelerates process
- leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality
While the number of bacterial infections remains constant, the number of AMR
infections has been - ANSWERSconstantly increasing
Consequences of AMR for the individual - ANSWERS- higher medical costs
- longer hospital stays
- increased mortality
How AMR leads to higher medical costs - ANSWERS- additional antibiotic prescriptions
- prolonged hospitalization
- additional diagnostic testing
- cost of infectious disease specialist
Year that the FDA approved first antibiotics for use in poultry, pork, and beef growth
promotion - ANSWERS1951
Percentage estimated of all antibiotics in the US used in animals - ANSWERS~70%
Year that the UN General Assembly announced that the use of antibiotics in animals is
the leading cause of the antibiotic-resistance crisis - ANSWERS2016
MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) - ANSWERSmethod of identifying bacterial
isolates by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes (ex.
E. faecalis ST16)
Difference between conventionally raised (antibiotics) pigs and organically raised (no
antibiotics) pigs - ANSWERSMore E. coli resistant isolated from conventionally raised
pigs than from organically raised pigs
Using antibiotics in farm animals leads to - ANSWERS- enhanced development of
resistance to antibiotics
- transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
- contamination of the environment by air particulates
- emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
