RNA Transcription and Translation FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

RNA Transcription and Translation
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS


RNA can form _______ known as ______ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA can form secondary
structures known as hairpins (or stem loop)



RNA can be ____ and ____ (when ____) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA can be single
stranded and double stranded (when convenient or energetically favorable)



While RNA is single stranded, it is energetically favorable for ______________. - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔While RNA is single stranded, it is energetically favorable for some regions of the
molecule to base pair with other regions, as long as there is sequence complementarity.



In DNA hairpins are considered ____ and in RNA are considered ____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Hairpins bad for DNA, but good for RNA they are intentional!



RNA is not always ______ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔single stranded



RNA is also known as a ____ and contains _____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA is also
known as a ribozyme and contains characteristics of an enzyme



RNA world hypothesis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔hypothesis that RNA was the first nucleic
acid to evolve and that early life was based on RNA, rather than DNA or protein because of its
multiple functions (encoding, catalytic, enzymatic)



RNA functions (4) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔information coding, structural, catalytic, and
enzymatic function



RNA is stable as a single strand because it contains a - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔2' OH

,What process makes RNA? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔DNA transcription



How can DNA act as a template for RNA? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA has a similar
structure to DNA and base pair with it which enables DNA to act as a template, only difference is
that RNA contains uracil instead of thymine which can both hydrogen bond to adenine



There is only ___ type of DNA, however there are a ____ of RNA because ____. - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔There is only one type of DNA, however there are a variety of RNA's because they
act similarly to proteins (proteins have many different structures and functions)



mRNA - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔messenger RNA, codes for proteins



rRNA - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔ribosomal RNA; form basic structure of ribosomes and
catalyze protein synthesis



tRNA - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the
ribosome



What enzyme synthesizes RNA? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA polymerase



RNA polymerase is similar to ______, as it can only synthesize in a _______ direction (template read
________) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA polymerase is similar to DNA polymerase, as it can
only synthesize in a 5' to 3' direction. Template is read 3' to 5'.



RNA polymerase - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔catalyzes RNA phosphodiester bonds between
RNA nucleotides



RNA polymerase does not require a ______ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔primer

,While DNA polymerase remains on DNA to synthesize a whole duplex, RNA .... - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔is only associated long enough on the template till it has the information that is
needed then it will fall out and move to the next region



Cells have a a huge quantity of ____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔ribosomal RNA



Eukaryotes have ____ RNA polymerases but we will only be discussing ___ - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔Eukaryotes only have 3 RNA polymerases but we will only be discussing RNA
polymerase II



DNA consensus sequences are also known as ____ and indicate ____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔DNA consensus sequences are also known as promoters and indicate location of transcription
start points



A transcription start point is the region where - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔RNA is made



First nucleotide made by RNA pol at the transcription start point on DNA is located at - **
VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔+1



Less than ____ percent of the genome is coding meaning that ___ of the genome will not be turned
into ____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Less than 2% of the genome is coding meaning that 98%
of the genome will not be turned into RNA



Consensus sequences or promoters indicate to RNA pol where to ____ because ___ - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔where to make RNA because it will help it save time and energy from having to
scan and search DNA



Promoter associated with histones - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Promoter more exposed when
DNA is not tightly wound around histone and more hidden when DNA wraps tightly around histone



Promoter = - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔region of DNA that is not completely solid --> pieces

, Transcriptional start sites will have anywhere from ___ to ___ of ______ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Transcriptional start sites will have anywhere from 2 to 4 of these consensus regions or
promoters



Why is the promoter in several pieces at the transcriptional start site? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔RNA polymerase is a bulky huge molecule with a large landing pad and will make contact
with several different sites (up to 4, but usually 2 to 3)



Numbering at the transcription start point - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔No 0 --> +1 or -1

Start point = INR +1

+30 --> DPE site is 30 nucleotides up from transcriptional start point

-30 --> TATA 30 nucleotides away from TSS

-35 --> BRE 35 nucleotides away from TSS



TATA and DPE are 60 nucleotides away from each other



General transcription factors will - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔bind specifically to these
consensus regions or promoters (up to 4)



What does and doesn't make direct contact with consensus regions? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔RNA polymerase does not directly bind to consensus regions. The transcription factors bind to
these consensus regions and bind RNA polymerase there.



Transcription factors Role - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Position RNA polymerase at the correct
DNA sequences (gene) where transcription is supposed to begin and help initiate transcription



There are a variety of ____ which have a affinity _____. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔There are a
variety of transcription factors which have an affinity for different start sites.



There is only ___ transcriptional start site - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1