Essential Biochemistry Graded A+

Essential Biochemistry Graded A+ hydroxyl group ️️-OH (alcohol) Polar carbonyl group ️️C=O Ketone Polar Acidic carbonyl group ️️C=O-H Aldehyde Polar carboxyl group ️️COOH acidic amino group ️️-NH2 Amine phosphate group ️️A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. sulfhydryl group ️️-SH Hydrophobic group ️️hydrocarbon chains Hydrophobic group ️️Aromatic (hydrocarbons in a ring structure with multiple double bonds) What is the main role of the plasma membrane? ️️ To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. What type of macromolecule are hormones like insulin classified as? ️️ Proteins. What is the role of the enzyme helicase during DNA replication? ️️ To unwind the DNA double helix. What is the primary function of ATP in cells? ️️ To provide energy for cellular processes. What are the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis? ️️ mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA). What is the byproduct of the breakdown of glucose during aerobic respiration? ️️ Carbon dioxide and water. What is the function of the small intestine in digestion? ️️ To absorb nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream. What are the two types of fermentation? ️️ Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. What is the main role of cholesterol in the cell membrane? ️️ To provide stability and fluidity to the membrane. What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions? ️️ Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentrations, hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations, and hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentrations compared to the cell. What is the role of cytochromes in cellular respiration? ️️ To transfer electrons in the electron transport chain. What molecule is the starting point for the synthesis of steroid hormones? ️️ Cholesterol. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the body? ️️ To catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. What is the significance of the pH in enzyme activity? ️️ Enzymes work optimally at a specific pH, and deviations can reduce their activity or denature them. What is oxidative phosphorylation? ️️ The process of producing ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain. What is the function of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) in the Calvin cycle? ️️ To combine with carbon dioxide in the first step of the cycle. What is the main storage form of glucose in plants? ️️ Starch. What is the process of breaking down a protein into its amino acids called? ️️ Proteolysis. What is the main role of peroxisomes in cells?